RUSSIA. 



idmu. lopment of few facts of great importance. Herrmann, 

 s V"""' in treating of this subject, informs us tli.it, aocoftimg 

 to all data, the genera) extent ot Russia is 1,473,881 

 desiatins, of n-hich 4<> .' loo.l.V.' Iti-li.njr t" Kuropeiui 

 Russia, and 1 ,071 ,?! ,17 Ho Siberia, or Asiatic Russia; 

 and that the tilled lands may be reckoned at 61$ mil. 

 lions, the woods and forests at 156, the meadows at -^-^ 

 millions of desiatins; and that there remain 173} mil- 

 lions for the site of buildings, the roads, water, and 

 uncultivated land. 



The same author treats at length of the cultivation 

 and the products of Russia, and enters into many mi- 

 nute calculations. Mcniuiresdet'Acad. hup. de Si. Pe- 

 tersb. vol. viii. p. .';;);). 



The Free Economical Society of St. Petersburgh, 

 and the lately established Society of Agriculture at 

 Moscow, are now actively employed in the improve- 

 ment of the Russian empire, and no doubt their effects 

 will be felt in distant times. The society last alluded 

 to is formed, upon a very excellent plan, and combines 

 the theory and practice of agriculture to^i-tlu-r in its 

 school kept on purpose. Vide Append:* to Ly all's work 

 so often referred to. 



MANUFACTURES. 



.Manufac- In vol. viii. p. 435 of the Mem. de I'Acad. Imp. of St. 



tures. Petersburgh, there is a paper by Hermann, entitled " A 



Glance at the State of Manufactures in Russia, and at the 

 Principle of her manufacturing Legislation, from the 

 sixteenth century till the year 1S14," which is in fact 

 an abridged history of commerce ; and in the same vo- 

 lume, p. 454, there is another dissertation, " Views of 

 the State of Manufactures in Russia, since 1803 till 

 1814," that contains many details and tables, which 

 well demonstrate the thriving state of the fabrics and 

 manufactories of Russia. The author compares the 

 number of cloth manufactories, linen manufactories, 

 silk manufactories, tanneries, soap works, glass works, 

 paper manufactories, cotton manufactories, rope works, 

 sugar works, fabrics of steel and iron, of copper and 

 buttons, of candles, of hog's-lard, tobacco pipe manu- 

 factories, manufactories of porcelain, &c. in 1812 and 

 1814, to show the relative increase of their produce, 

 and the additional number of hands employed. As is 

 evident from his statements, the number of tanneries, 

 of iron and steel fabrics, and of cotton manufactories, 

 has especially augmented ; and so have also the cloth 

 manufactories, the soap works, the hog's-lard and candle 

 works. But it may be generally stated, that there is 

 no kind of manufacture which is not increased. 



At all these manufactories there were employed, in 

 1812, 



SI, l60 peasants belonging to the crown. 

 27,292 do. do to individuals. 



60,641 free workmen. 



119,093 



It is interesting to remark, says Herrmann, that the 

 number of free workmen already surpasses that of the 

 peasants, in an empire in which they scarcely existed. 



The fabrics natural to Russia, the tanneries, the rope 

 works, the linen manufactories, the candle works, and 

 the soap works, have a well established reputation. The 

 glass works, the paper works, the iron fabrics, the steel 

 fabrics, the copper fabrics, as yet do not equal fo- 

 reign establishments; but they have made consider- 

 able progress in improvement. The manufactories of 



VOL. XVI. PART II. 



doth, of silk, and of cotton, have not yet attained that Ruwia. 

 degree of perfection to be able to compete with thott * p v^" r 

 ot foreign countries; but of late they have also made 

 great advancement. 



The government seems peculiarly anxious to render 

 Russia a manufacturing nation, whereas it it by nature 

 an agricultural country, and minister! may be gronly 



ived by the results. It is one great object of the 

 crown, and a favo ct, to have fine cloth made 



in Russia, such as the superfine English ; but all effort* 

 at competition have as yet entirely tailed. 



F/om comparative tables also given by Herrmann, 

 of each kind of fabric established in the different go* 



merits of the empire, it is evident that although 

 Petersburgh and its immediate vicinity, and the go* 

 vernment of Moscow, with a number of governments 

 to the east, south, and west, form the chief manufac- 

 turing districts, yet that some kind of manufactories 

 are to be found in every part of Russia, and that tan 

 neries and soap works are numerous in Siberia. 



ANIMALS. 



European Russia is not so abundant in wild animals Animib. 

 of great size, as ci-devant Poland and the middle of 

 Asia. The immense deserts of Siberia are still poorer 

 in this respect than Russia. Wild animals are not vi- 

 gorous, and do not multiply except in the neighbour- 

 hood of mountains, and in temperate climates ; and 

 Russia only possesses three considerable elevations, the 

 Ural Mountains, the Caucasian Mountains, and the 

 chain of mountains which rise toward the middle of 

 Asia. It is here that the inhabitants of the woods and 

 of the deserts are of great size, and are numerous. 

 The vast plains of Russia and of Siberia, on the con- 

 trary, only possess small animals of the race of dogs 

 and mice ; and the northern countries have scarcely 

 any wild quadruped distinguished by its size, except 

 the sea-bear, which is peculiar to the Arctic zone, and 

 which belongs as much to the sea as to the land, and the 

 rein-deer, which spread by the mountains even to the 

 middle of Asia, which appears to be their true region, 

 as also that of horses, wild asses, and antelopes. The 

 north is the country of dogs and of mice ; the south 

 possesses lions, tigers, leopards, and elephants. 



The most interesting wild animals in Russia are those 

 whose furs are articles of commerce. Their number 

 amounts to 26 species, the principal of which are the 

 sable, the sea-otter, the marten, the fox, the grey squir- 

 rel, the bear, the wolt, the wild rein- deer, &c. Vide 

 Memoires de I'Acad. Imp. de St. Pelersbourg, vol. v. p. 

 628. 



IMPERIAL ARMS. 



The imperial arms consist of a black, two-headed, Imperia 

 three-crowned eagle with spread wings, holding a gold- rn >- 

 en sceptre in the right claw, and in the left a golden 

 imperial globe. On its breast are George and the 

 Dragon, or the arms of Moscow ; on the right wing 

 are the arms of Kief, Novgorod, and Astrachan ; and 

 on the left those of Vladimir, Kazan, and Siberia, and 

 around the shield of the imperial eagle is the cordon of 

 St. Andrew. 



In the great imperial seal, besides the above, are 

 placed, in a circle, the arms of all the other govern- 

 ments and provinces of the empire. 



ORDERS. 



Russia possesses six orders, vii. 1st, The order of St. Ordcn. 

 3u 



