SAL 



540 



S A M 



Salzburg, the celebrated Paracelsus. Among the other objects 

 -^"v"^-' of interest here are the stables on the side of the 

 Moensbfcrg, and the three galleries excavated out of 

 the solid rock of 220 feet long ; the hospital of St. 

 John, the portrait of Paracelsus, painted in the house 

 in which he died, at the corner of the street Linz. 

 The new gateway, excavated out of the rock in the 

 Moensberg, has a length of 300 feet, a height of 30, 

 and breadth of 24. feet, was executed under the direc- 

 tion of the bishop, whose bust is erected here, with the 

 nppropriate incription of Te Saxa loquunlur. 



The university of Salzburg, founded in 16'20, by 

 Archbishop Paris, was converted in 1810 into a ly- 

 ceum or academy of theology and surgery. Among 

 the other literary establishments are an institution for 

 educating country schoolmasters, and two public li- 

 braries. Belonging to individuals, there are various 

 cabinets of minerals, of natural history, of medals, and 

 of paintings. Many of the most valuable books and 

 MSS. were carried off by the French in the revolution, 

 ary war. 



Salzburg is well fortified. The part of the city to 

 the right of the river is encircled with eight bastions, 

 and the part on the left side with three. The Moun- 

 tain Castle, containing the principal arsenal, situated 

 beside the eighth bastion, is very strong on account of 

 its lofty situation. 



Salzburg enjoys the most romantic situation among 

 finely shaped and elevated mountains, and the view of 

 the town itself, and those which may be commanded 

 from the adjacent heights, particularly the top of the 

 Moenschberg, are among the finest in the world. 



Among the principal objects of interest in the vici- 

 nity of Salzburg, are the chateau of Helbrunn and its 

 amphitheatre of rocks, Gastein and its golden mines ; 

 which yield annually 100 marcs of pure gold, besides 

 a considerable quantity of silver, copper and lead ; 

 and also its baths and fine romantic situation ; Berch- 

 tolsgaden, already described, (see Vol. III. p. 4-62,) 

 and the lake of Bartheleme, and the salt pits of Hallein, 

 which will be noticed in the following article. 



Salzburg has few manufactures except hardware 

 articles. In 1818, above 100 houses were destroyed 

 by accidental fire. Population 15,000. East long. 13 

 1' 35" north lat. 47 43' 10." For farther information 

 respecting this interesting place, see Beschreibung cics 

 Hauptund Residetizsladl, von L. Hubner. Salz. 1792, 

 2 vols. Reise durch das Erzstijt Salzburg, zum Unier- 

 richt und vergmtgen. V. Hubner. nebsl Stundcnzeigcr 

 und Slrassenkarte, 1796, 8vo. Schultes, Reise durch 

 Salzburg und Berchtesgaden. Vienne, 1804, 2 vols. 8vo. 



SALZBURG, is a province of Austria, bounded on 

 the east by Styria, on the south by Carinthia and the 

 Tyrol, and on the north and west by the kingdom of 

 Bavaria. It extends about 100 miles from east to 

 west, and about 6'4 from north to south ; but it does 

 not now contain more than about 28,000 square miles. 

 This province consists principally of the great valley 

 watered by the Salza, and partly of a succession of 

 smaller valleys, with their intervening mountainous 

 ranges, in the southern part of the province which 

 includes a portion of the Noric Alps. The country has 

 all the accompaniments of Alpine scenery, mountains, 

 lakes, glaciers, avalanches, and has a more severe cli- 

 mate than might be expected in such a latitude. -In 

 the immediate vicinity of Salzburg, even the hills are 

 covered with snow before October, though it does not 

 lie permanently till November. The winter continues 

 in the south from November to -April, and frosts and 

 showers continue till about -the end of June. Vegeta- 



tion then makes a rapid stride, the heat sets in with 

 great intensity, and the sirocco sometimes passes along 

 the vallies for 4. day, and produces the languor which 

 characterizes it. It always occasions a sudden thaw 

 and flood. 



The low and fertile grounds of the vallies of the 

 Salza produce oats, barley, and even wheat, which af- 

 ford subsistence to breeds of valuable cattle; but its 

 supplies of corn are derived from Bavaria. The pro- 

 vince also possesses extensive pasturages; and the horses 

 are prized for their beauty and hardiness and vigour ; 

 but its principal wealth is derived from its mines of 

 rock salt in the northern districts, and from the gold, 

 silver, iron, copper and lapis calaminaris, which is found 

 in the southern district. 



The salt works of Halleins are said to be worth about 

 L.100,000 annually. The descent to the mines is by 

 sliding along wooden beams, and persons leave them 

 by a gallery or horizontal path seated on a bench with 

 wheels drawn by the miners. There are at Halleirt 

 thirty-two reservoirs, each of which contains about 

 700,000 seaux. The rock salt of various colours is 

 converted into the finest salt, which is exchanged in 

 Bavaria for corn. The illumination of the salt mines 

 has a superb and magical effect. 



Most of the metals obtained in this province are ex- 

 ported in their raw state, the materials being only 

 smelted and the iron being exported in bars. A con~ 

 siderable quantity of steel and brass, however, is made 

 into swords, sabres, bayonets, musquets, cannon, and 

 mortars. 



Although the only form of religion tolerated is the 

 Roman Catholic, yet there are a considerable number 

 of Lutherans, nearly 3 ,000 of the inhabitants of this 

 persuasion being compelled in 1733 to avoid the per- 

 secutions to which they were exposed. In 1806 Salz- 

 burg was added to Austria. In 1807 it was transferr- 

 ed to Bavaria, and in 1817 it was restored to the 

 Austrian government, who draw from it an annual re- 

 venue of about LJ 00,000. Population about 142,000. 



SAMAR, one of the Philippine Islands, lies on the 

 south-east side ot Luzon. It is about 140 miles long, 

 and 60 broad. See our article PHILIPPINE INLANDS, 

 Vol. XVI. p. 44-9. 



SAM A RANG. See JAVA, Vol. XI. p. 626. 



SAMARCAND, a celebrated city of Asia m Great 

 Bucharia. It is situated in a delightful region on a 

 small river called Sogd. At one time it was one of the 

 finest cities of the east, and is said to have had a popu- 

 lation of 150,000 in A.D. 1400. Although it has now 

 declined from its former greatness, it is still a large 

 and well peopled city, with many grand stone edifices, 

 and strongly fortified with earthen bulwarks. It sup- 

 plies Hindostan and great part of Persia with melons, 

 grapes, apples, pears ; and the silk paper which is ma- 

 nufactured here is highly valued, and considered the 

 finest in Asia. East Long. 64 9'. North Lat. 39, 31', 

 23". 



SAMOIDES. See POLAR REGIONS in this volume, 

 p. 28. 



SAM-OS, an island in the Grecian archipelago, on 

 the coast of Asia Minor, from which it is separated by 

 a channel scarcely half a league wide, called Little Bo- 

 gaz. It is about twenty-four miles long, twelve broad, 

 and about seventy in circuit. In its length it is inter- 

 rupted by Cape Colonni, a narrow cape which projects 

 far to the south, and is separated by the sea into por- 

 tions called Samo-poulo or Little Samos. On the west 

 side of Samos lie the Fournis Islands, anciently the 

 Corsese Insular, which are divided from Samos by a 



