S A R 



Sap , M jnr.Ued by wide plains and vallies. It is 



.nil l>y the Saone, tlie Loire, the Arroux, the 

 " Dou'iv, ,::i 1 the Si-ille. It enjoy?, also a water com- 

 munication between the Mediterranean and the Atlan- 

 tic by in can of a canal which joins the Saone and 

 Loire. The soil, though stony and sandy in some 

 places, is rich and fertile in others. It produces corn, 

 liei|>, wines, and fruits ; and iron, coal, marble, ala- 

 baster, and other minerals occur in the hilly district*. 

 Macon, the wine of which is celebrated, i-> the capital 

 of the department. The contributions in 1N03, were 

 4,376,4f><) francs, and the expences of the state, 308,219 

 franc-. Population 4t7.5<t'.'>. 



SAP. See HOT.VNY, Vol. IV. jv 



SAPPAKK. See KY\MTI: in M i.MMiALOGY, Index. 

 SAITIIIIM:. See MIM:I;.U.OI;Y, Index. 

 SAPPHO, a celebrated Greek poetess, was born at 

 Mitylene in Lesbos, about the year ()10 B. V. After 

 >he had lost her husband, she seems to have addicted 

 herself to poetry and to licentiousness. She has been 

 fig much condemned for her sensualities as she has been 

 famed for her lyrical effusions. She is said to have 

 thrown herself over the famous precipice of Leucate, 

 in consequence of the refusal which she experienced 

 from the beautiful Phaon, of whom she was greatly en- 

 amoured. An ode to a young female, and a hymn to 

 Venus, are the only productions of Sappho which have 

 descended to our times. She is said to have formed an 

 academy of females, who excelled in music, and to have 

 invented the mixolydian mode. 



SARACENS. SeeARABiA.Vol.il. 

 SARAGOSSA, or ZARAGOSA, anciently Snldula and 

 Ccusar Augusta, an ancient and large city of Spain, and 

 the capital of Arragon. It is situated in a fertile plain, 

 on the south bank of the Ebro, at the confluence of the 

 rivers Galego and Huerva, the former of which flows 

 through Arragon from the south, and the latter from 

 the north, having its source in the Pyrenees. The 

 Ebro, which is here navigable, flows between the city 

 and its suburbs, and is crossed by two bridges, one of 

 ktone of seven arches, and the other of wood, which is 

 reckoned one of the finest in Europe. The city is en- 

 circled with an earthen wall, and has twelve gates, some 

 of which are old ones in the wall of Augustus. With 

 the exception of one wide street called Calle Santa, the 

 streets are narrow, crooked, and irregular. The houses, 

 which are of brick, are generally old, though built with 

 tolerable regularity. 



Saragossa contains seventeen churches, and nearly 

 forty convents. The principal public buildings are the 

 cathedral, a large and wide Gothic building ; the church 

 of Nuestra Dona del Pelar, which is a superb building, 

 with a fine Gothic altar of alabaster, and which was 

 celebrated before the siege of 1808 for its valuable re- 

 lics ; the leaning tower, resembling that of Pisa ; the 

 Lonja, or exchange ; the hotel of the deputation ; and 

 the house of Pity. There is also here one university, 

 founded in 1474, which contained 2000 students ; and 

 there are two public libraries. Saragossa has neither 

 commerce nor manufactures, and hence the city is re- 

 markable for its dullness. The new canal of Arragon,* 

 which passes through the lands in its vicinity, though 

 it has been of immense advantage to the agriculture of 

 the country, has not yet contributed to excite a spirit 

 of industry and enterprise among the inhabitants. Po- 



S A R 



pulation about 42,fiOO. Wet I.onfr. 0* 48', North I .at. 

 41*44'. A full account oft'. 'ed siege which 



this city s " I he found in our article 



I'.HITAIN, \ '>}. IV. p. fijH, 7<>1-. Hee Laborde'a I'ien <J' 

 Spain for a full a'-comit of this city previous to the 

 late revolution in Spain. 



SA III) IN I A, the name of a kingdom in theeouth of 

 Europe, including tl. of Sardinia in the Medi- 



terranean, from which it derives its name. Piedmont, 

 Savoy, the territory of Genoa, a part of the Milanese 

 territory, and the duchy of .Montserrat. 



The following Table shows the extent and popula- 

 tion of these different states : 



6diefc. 



Island of Sardinia 

 Piedmont and Nice 



Extent in 



M|uare Mi let. Population. 



9,250 520,000 



7,900 1,750,000 



Chief 

 Town*. 



POM.- 

 Utloo. 



' 



3780 



Sivoy 



Genoese territory 



Part of Milanese territory 3310 



Duchy of Monucrrat !'"o 



450,000 

 MO.OOO 



Nice 19,000 



Turin >, 

 Chambcrry 12,<iGO 

 Genoa 76,000 



27,500 4,000,000 



For a particular account of these territories, see GB- 

 NOA, NICE, MILAN, SARDINIA, and SAVOY. 



The Sardinian states were erected into a kingdom in 

 1720, when Amadeus II. assumed the royal title. Hav- 

 ing taken a part in the French revolutionary war, the 

 king of Sardinia was compelled, in consequence of the 

 annexation of his continental states to France, to re- 

 move to Sardinia. The liberation of Europe in 1814, 

 restored the Sardinian monarchy; and, in 1815, the 

 congress of sovereigns at Vienna added to it the terri- 

 tory of Genoa. 



The revenue of this kingdom is estimated at about 

 million and a half sterling. The standing army is near- 

 ly ()0,000, and the national militia about 40,000. 



The religion of the king and of all his states is Catho- 

 lic ; but the consent of the king is necessary to the 

 promulgation of any papal bull or mandate. Courts of 

 justice are held at Turin, Genoa, Chamberry, Nice, Cag- 

 liari, and Sassari. See CAGLIARI, CHAMBERRY, NICE, 

 and TURIN'. 



SARDINIA, a large island in the Mediterranean 

 Sea, belonging to the king of Sardinia, and situated 

 to the south of Corsica. It is of an oblong form, about 

 1()2 miles long from north to south, and about 65 miles 

 broad. It contains about 9250 square miles, reckon- 

 ing the small islands upon its coast. The island is 

 divided nearly into two equal parts, viz. Capo di Sas- 

 sari, which is the northern half of the island, and 

 Capo di Cagliari, or the southern half. The highest 

 hills are in the north part of the island, and extend 

 from north to south. The loftiest are Limbara, Villa- 

 Nova, Arizzo, and Fonni, which are commonly capped 

 with snow. The principal rivers are the Oristano, 

 which runs about eighty miles from east to west ; and 

 the Flumendoso, which flows in the opposite direction, 

 and divides the island into two portions. There are 

 several small fresh water lakes on the coast, and a num- 

 ber of bays of the sea almost encircled by the land. 

 The principal bays in the south are those of Cagliari, 

 where whole fleets may lie at anchor in the worst wea- 

 ther, and of Santa Rosa ; those on the west coast are 



* See NAVIGATION Inland, Vol. XV. p. 228. 



