SAW 



550 



SAX 



PLATE 

 CCCCLXXXII 



Fig. 4 



Figs. 6, 6. 



Sawing moved by a pinion working in a rack, which is insert- 

 Machinery. et j on the under side of one of the broad planks. The 

 ^~~\s?**s power is raised as necessary, by a smaller pinion work- 

 ing on the larger, and put in motion by the hand of 

 the workman by means of a winch W. On the farther 

 end of the batten is fixed a head-stock H, a few inches 

 high ; and a grapple GJ, turning on joints at J, and 

 having a cross-head at G, into which three teeth are 

 inserted, G, G, G. Fig. 4 shows this grapple on a 

 larger scale. 



Before the log is put on, the travelling table is 

 moved back, as shown in Fig. 1, 2, and the log is laid 

 free of the saws on the batten, one end pressing against 

 the head-stock, and the grapple teeth driven firmly 

 into it. These keep the log steady under the action 

 of the saws. The workman then moves the travelling 

 table forward against the saws, till they have run 

 through the log ; he then returns the table to the po- 

 sition shown in the figures, removes the slabbed log 

 and outside cuts, and is ready to begin to a fresh log. 



The distance between the saws can be indefinitely 

 varied between the width of the batten, which is the 

 minimum, and the space between the side planks, 

 which is the maximum. 



The axle DKE, Figs. 5 and 6, is turned accurately 

 cylindrical, and the flaunches A, B, 0, are drilled 

 through in the centre, so as to allow them to be moved 

 along the axle and no more. When the saw is placed 

 at the desired point, a key is driven tightly in to a 

 taper mortice made through the flaunches at K, which 

 prevents the saw from shifting its position. The saws 

 can also be changed by the same contrivance, and 

 it is adapted to all the circular saws in this mill. 



The next operation is, converting the slabbed log 

 into deal. The slabbed log is laid flat on the side B 

 (Fig. 6.) of the travelling table ABCD, the end of it 

 against the head-stock H, from whose face a few sharp 

 points stick out, which enter the end of the log, and 

 keep it firm. For the first saw draft which takes off 

 the round back, the log is set by the eye. The travel- 

 ling table is moved forwards as before, the back taken 

 away, and the table returned to the position in the figure. 

 On the side D of the travelling frame is placed a 

 guide G a few inches high, moving on parallel points, 

 as shown in the figure, so as in every situation to con- 

 tinue parallel to the sanr. This guide is set by the 

 hand to the distance from the saw, equal to the in- 

 tended thickness of the deal, and kept in this situation 

 by a ram's-head nut, as it is termed, screwed down 

 tight on one of its points. The log is then placed with 

 its face against the guide, and its end fixed to the 

 head-stock as before. The table is moved forwards, 

 and a deal of equal thickness cut off. 



The way in which the saws are put in motion is 

 shown by Fig. 7. 



ABC is the spur-wheel, hung on the same axle with 

 the water-wheel. The water-wheel is not shown. This 

 spur-wheel works in a pinion BDE, on the same axle 

 with which are hung as many drums as there are saw 

 axles to be put in motion. Only one is shown in the 

 figure, GEH. This drum turns by a strap, an inter- 

 mediate drum IKLM, which by another strap turns 

 the pulley P of the same size, placed perpendicularly 

 over it, on the axle of the saw. 



The intermediate drum ig hung in a frame, which is 

 raised or lowered by means of a rack and pinion, 

 worked by the hand in the mill above. The use of 

 this is to stop any of the saw axles, without stopping 

 the machine ; and the contrivance is very simple. 

 When the intermediate drum is raised to the situa- 



Fig. 6. 



tion iltlm, it is evident the strap NCLMI will only 

 touch the intermediate drum in the points L and i t and 

 consequently will not be put in motion by it ; and the 

 pulley P, together with the saw axle on which it is 

 hung, will stop. The other strap GKLMH suffers so 

 slight an alteration in tightness by the motion of the 

 intermediate drum, that it turn it as before. 



Fig. 8 shows the intermediate drum, its frame, and Fig. 8. 

 rack. The shaded part of the figure shows the grooved 

 posts between which it moves. The pinion that works 

 in the rack is not shown. It is put in motion by a 

 capstane at the other end of its axle, and kept in the de- 

 sired situation by a common catch. 



Fig. 9 shows a contrivance for returning the travel- Fig. . 

 ling table by the machine, which is more expeditious 

 than the hand. AB an axle, set in motion by a strap from 

 the principal drum axle on the fast pulley F. L a loose 

 pulley on the axle AB, round which a rope is wound, 

 passing over the roller R, at the end of the frame of 

 the travelling table T, to which the rope is fastened. 

 The loose pulley, when out of gear, as shown in the fi- 

 gure, allows the rope to be unwound freely as the table 

 is moved forward. When it is to be put in gear, it is 

 moved by the levers C, D, E, G, H against the fast 

 pulley, which carries it round by means of the iron 

 knobs shown in the figure. The rope is then turned 

 round the pulley, and the frame dragged back. 



An improvement in the mode of fitting up circular Mr. Mauds- 

 saws was made by Mr. Maudslay. When the pivots la y' s im - 

 at the end of the axle were conical, or when there were P rovements - 

 conical hollows on the end of the axles working upon 

 fixed cones, the oil was always carried up the cone by 

 the centrifugal force, and the sharp point being left 

 without oil, soon heated, and caused the metal to be- 

 come soft. In order to avoid this, Mr. Maudslay 

 made his saw spindles with double conical sockets, 

 and the oil was introduced by a small hole into the 

 smallest part of the double cones where they join. By 

 this means the centrifugal force draws the oil into the 

 fitting. 



In order to prevent thin circular saws from bending, Recent im- 

 or buckling as it is called, they are confined between provements. 

 two flat circular plates : but in place of doing this, the 

 bending is now confined to a more narrow ring near 

 the rim of the saw. By this contrivance, the saw re- 

 volves with such truth and accuracy, that it is fit for 

 the nicest operations, such as cutting the teeth of the 

 finest cones. It is considered advantageous to soften 

 circular saws when the teeth require sharpening, and 

 to temper them only to a yellow colour. See Dr. 

 Brewster's Journal of Science, No. III. p. 151. 



SAXE, MAURICE, a celebrated general, was born at 

 Goslar, on the 13th Oct. 1696, and was the natural son 

 of Frederick II. Elector of Saxony, and King of Poland, 

 and of the Countess of Konigsmar, a Swedish lady, 

 distinguished by her beauty and accomplishments. 



His passion for a military life displayed itself at a 

 very early period, and it was with the greatest difficul- 

 ty that he could be taught to read and write. At the 

 early age of twelve, he served in the allied army under 

 the Duke of Marlborough and Prince Eugene. In 

 1708, he accompanied the same troops at the siege of 

 Lisle. He distinguished himself at the sieges of Tour- 

 nay and Mons ; and at the memorable battle of Mal- 

 plaquet, and on various occasions, he received the high- 

 est eulogiums from the allied generals. In 1711, our 

 young warrior accompanied the king of Poland to the 

 siege of Stralsund, where he swam across the river in 

 sight of the enemy with a pistol in his hand. In con- 

 sequence of the courage which he displayed on that 



