So ilc, 



SC A 



Sa- DKAUIM. [N8TRUJIKNTB, V<,1. Vjll. 

 p. IC'J, Hiul N/ \ n. vi i"N , \',i|. X V. p. 1,1, 



I. K.I.I;, .li in ( VKSAU, a celebrated scholar, 

 and the author of various learned works, di.slingui.thed 

 more l>v tlu-ir rrudition than by any marks of genius. 

 1/e was born at Veiona in M-St, ;ni 1 he died in 1558, 

 in the 75th year of his age. I J : -. t:<:iti^f 1 ),- Arle 

 i, which appealed :: [561, tad his phUosophi* 

 cal work De Caux s Lingua Laiiiue, which was |>ub- 

 lishcil in l.~>4<>, an- tin- ;ibli->t of his productions. 



\ I.It ill;. .FD-I:I'II JPSTUS, the son of the subject 

 c.!' t!u- piTi-i'ding article, was born at Agen in l.">l<i, 

 mid died at Lvydcn in l(i(J<), at the age of (if I. He 

 was a man of great learning, and was acquainted with 

 thirteen languages. liis principal work DC I'lmcn- 

 dallone Tcnij>oru>n, which first appeared at Paris in 

 1587, contains a complete system of chronology, found- 

 ed on fixed principles. Mis Thesaurus Temjtuntm is a 

 sort of supplement to that work. It appeared in 1658, 

 in 2 vols. folio. 'Scaliger invented the Julian period. 



SCALPA, a small island of the Hebrides, between 

 the Isle of Skye and the mainland. It is almost a 

 single mountain, the base of which is about five miles 

 long, and from two to three broad. 



SCAMMONY. Sec CHEMISTRY, Vol. VI. p. 128, 

 and MATKRIA MEDICA, Vol. XI II. p. 353. 



SCANDINAVIA. See DENMARK, NORWAY, and 

 SWEDEN. 



SCAPOLITE. See M INERALOGY Index, Vol. X I V. 



SCARABEUS. See ENTOMOLOGY Index, Vol. IX. 



SCARBA, an island of the Hebrides, lying between 

 Jura and Lunga. It is of a circular shape, and above 

 three and a half miles in diameter, resembling a single 

 mountain, which rises to the height of 1 500 feet. A 

 narrow strait divides it from Lunga, and it is separat- 

 ed from Jura by the famous whirlpool of Ccrrybhre- 

 accan, which we have already fully described in our 

 account of JURA, Vol. XII. p. 400. Scarba contains 

 about fifty inhabitants. 



SCARBOROUGH, a sea port and market town of 

 England, in the North Riding of Yorkshire. The town 

 is beautifully situated in the recess of a fine bay, and 

 rises from the shore in the form of an amphitheatre. 

 The old or upper town consists of two or three small 

 streets, intersected by others of the same kind ; and 

 the new or lower town contains many handsome and 

 well-built houses, several of which are appropriated for 

 lodging houses. The new buildings on the clift' have 

 a particularly fine situation, with a fine terrace in front 

 raised about 100 feet above the sands. 



Although Scarborough had once four churches, yet 

 St. Mary 'sis now the only church in the town. It is 

 a large and spacious building, containing several marble 

 monuments. There are here chapels for the Baptists, 

 Independents, Quakers, Methodists, and Roman Ca- 

 tholics. Scarborough has also a theatre and assembly- 

 room, which in summer are open on alternate evenings. 

 The charitable institutions are St. Thomas's hospital 

 for aged and infirm persons ; an amicable society, which 

 educates and clothes 70 boys and girls ; a seaman's 

 hospital, a spinning school, and a school on the Lan- 

 casterian principle. 



Scarborough was in former times defended by an 

 Ancient castle, situated on a stupendous rock, rising 

 300 feet above the level of the sea, which washes it 

 on the north and south-east sides of its base. The 

 site of the castle occupies about fifteen acres, and it is 

 entered on the west side, which is lofty and precipit- 

 ous, by a gateway, within which are the remains of an 

 outwork. On the inside of this is a bridge over a deep 



VOL. XVII. FART II. 



ditch, whii-h lc;.di to the keep tower, which is a lofty 



< building, with an embattled parapet. 

 walls are twelve feet thick. A great deal of the for- 

 tress has fallen to ruins, and a considerable part of it 

 was taken down to make room for barracks and a bat- 

 ! twelve pounders for the defence of the harbour, 

 hurbour i* large, com mod tout, and of easy ac- 

 cess, and admits ships of large burden. It is protect- 

 ed by a large pier, stretching into the sea with a long 

 semicircular sweep The foundation is CO feet broad, 

 tin- top 42 feet, and the height 4<) : .me of the 



stones weighed from '20 to 3(> tons. The shipping of 

 this port is e*t mated at 30,000 tons. The principal 

 exports are corn, butter, hams, and salt fish ; and its 

 imports are cods, timber, deals, hemp, flax, iron, 

 brandy, Geneva wine, groceries, &c. The drying and 

 pickling of cod fish occupies a great number of hands. 

 There is also a great manufactory of sail cloth in the 

 town. 



Scarborough owes its present prosperity chiefly to 

 the mineral spa which attracts a great number of visi- 

 tors. It was discovered so early as 1620, and is cele- 

 brated for its cure of chronic and cutaneous diseases. 

 Tne following is an analysis of the two wells. 



Southern Purgative Well. 



Sulphate of magnesia, 

 .Muriate of magnesia, 

 Carbonate of lime, 

 Carbonate of iron, 

 Sulphate of lime, 

 Muiiate of soda, 



Grains. 



16 

 23 

 2.6 



58.4 



4 



237 



Carbonic acid gas in a gallon, 98 oz. 



North or OuTyborteWtU. 

 Grain*. 

 98 

 14 



61.5 

 3 



51.4 

 2.1 



233 



100 oi. 



The corporation consists of two bailiffs, two coro- 

 ners, four chamberlains, and thirty-six common coun- 

 cillors. It sends two members to parliament. Popu- 

 lation in 1821. 8533; number of houses 1830. See 

 Hinderwell's Hist, and Antiq. of Scarborough, -ko. 

 York, 1798 ; Beauties of England and Wale* t vol. xvi. 

 347 ; Phil- Trans. No. 85 ; and Elliot on Mineral It'a- 

 ters, p. 187. 



SCEPTICS. See ACADEMICS and METAPHYSICS. 



SCHAFFHAUSEN, a town of Switzerland, and 

 capital of a canton of the same name. It is situated 

 on the right bank of the Rhine, near the frontiers of 

 Suabia. The streets are very irregular, and though the 

 town contains many well-built houses, it is by no means 

 handsome. Several of the houses which are generally 

 four stories high, are painted in front with various 

 figures ; and one of them which we noticed, was com- 

 pletely covered with male and female figures. The 

 principal public edifices and establishments are the 

 church of St. John, which is a large building, with side 

 aisles and a large square tower; an academy, in which 

 there are seven professors and several assistants ; the 

 market house, the hotel de ville, the public library 

 and an arsenal built on a hill at the end of the town. 

 It has six gates, three suburbs, and four chur 

 The principal manufactures of the place are cotton, 

 silk, and leather ; and there are several saw-mills near 

 the town. A considerable transit trade has been long 

 carried on here on account of the obstruction of the 

 navigation of the Rhine by the great cataract of Lauffen, 

 a little below the town. Goods brought down the river 

 are consequently either carried to the interior or to 

 Rhinfelden, where the Rhine again becomes navigable. 

 The celebrated wooden bridge of Schaffhausen, which 

 was burned by the French in 1799. has been fully de- 

 scribed in our article BRIDGE, Vol. IV. p. 538, and re- 



