SCOTLAND. 



581 



'.D.I i.' 10. 



.D. 1014. 



lit<HT. sunumed the Cim. Ethelred, king of J.iiyl.iiul, al- 

 most depopulated Cumberland. The English fleet at- 

 tempted to circumnavigate Scotland with the view of 

 intimidation. A treaty was concluded on the former 

 basis of common dt l> m-c. Malcolm, the son of Kenneth 

 the Third, availed himself of the opportunity to urge 

 his pretensions to the crown ; the competit >rs met in 

 rjl>er Sir.itherne, and Kenneth the Grim was mor- 

 tally wounded. 



Slnlcolm the Second. The reign of Malcolm was vi- 

 i'. mnis ; he defended his country from the attacks of 

 the Danes and the incursions of the English. Three 

 successive attacks were made by the former, during the 

 first eleven years of his reign, to obtain a permanent 

 fcettlement on the north-east shores of Scotland. 



The first was at Mortlach, in Moray, where the in- 

 truders were compelled to yield to the Scots. The 

 second descent was made on the shores of Angus. The 

 Danes, though discouraged by defeat, made a third 

 descent upon the coast of Buchan, near Slaines Castle ; 

 but they were overthrown. At length Sueno entered 

 into a treaty with Malcolm, by which Scotland was fi- 

 nally exempted from the piratical incursions of his coun- 

 trymen. ' 



Being relieved from the attacks of foreign enemies, 

 Malcolm wrested the Lothians from the Earl of Nor- 

 thumberland, which was thus attached to the Scottish 

 monarchy. 

 A. D. 1031. Malcolm died, or was assassinated, at Glammis, in 



Angus. 



A. D. 1033. The events of Duncan's reign were few and unim- 

 portant. His grandfather had slain Kenneth the Fourth, 

 and supplanted his family. Kenneth's grand-daughter, 

 the lady Gruach, was marrie J, first to the maormor or 

 chief ot Moray, who wns burnt, with many of his clan. 

 Her second husband was Macbeth, who was the grand- 

 ion of Malcolm the S.-cond. Lady Macbeth assissi- 

 nated the king at Bothgowanan, near Elgin, whither 

 he had been drawn by some duty. Duncan left two 

 sons, Malcolm who fled to England, and Donald who 

 was chased to the Western Isles. 



A. D. 1039. Macbeth was, by birth, the thane of Ross, and by his 

 marriage thane of Moray. Supported by the lieges of 

 Ross and Moray, and the partisans of Kenneth the 

 Fourth, he hastened to Scone, where he was crowned 

 king. Conscious of his defective title, he endeavoured 

 to acquire stability by a beneficent and vigorous admi- 

 nistration. 



For ten years he reigned in apparent security. An 

 unsuccessful effort was made by the abbot of Dunkeld 

 to drive him from the throne, and to restore the legiti- 

 mate heir. To protect himself from the nobility, he is 

 said to have built Dunsinnan castle, exacting heavy 

 contributions, and requiring their personal attendance. 



Macduff, Thane of Fife, declined obedience, fled to 

 England, and encouraged Malcolm to assert his right 

 to the crown of his ancestors. Siward, Earl of Nor- 

 thumberland, having received the command of 10,000 

 men from the English king, marched into Scotland and 

 defeated Macbeth, who fled to the north, resolving still 

 to contend for the sovereignty ; but he was slain in 

 battle the following year by the hand of MacdufF. 



Lulach, lady Macbeth's son, was acknowledged king 

 by the lieges of Ross and Moray. But Malcolm dis- 

 covered his lurking-place, and slew him in Strathbogie. 

 Macbeth and Lulach were buried in lona. 



A. D. 1057. Malcolm the Third, surnamed Canmore, was induced 

 to cultivate peace with England, until the death of 

 Edward the Confessor. Harold, the last prince of the 

 Saxon line, succeeded ; but he was opposed by his bro- 



ther Tohtig. who, aided by body of Norwegian t. in- 

 \.t'l.<l 1. upland. The intruder was repulsed, and fled 

 to Scotland, where he obtained an any him. Hut in a 

 MODI >_'!.ii,.l, he and hu confederate, 



Harold kin<r of Norway, were slain at the battle of 

 Slant-lord Bridge. 



The alliance between Scotland and England wa tu> A.D.I . 

 perseded by the victory and acceasion ut n't/Ham I fit 

 Conqueror. Edgar Athelmg, the heir of the Saxon 

 line, wa hupported by the malcontent lords, who fled 

 with him and his family to Scotland, and sought the 

 protection of Malcolm, who soon after espoused Marga- 

 ret, the sister of the fugitive prince. 



A formidable attack was meditated against England 

 by the adherents of Atheling, in conjunction with the 

 Danes and Scots. Tne Sixons and Danes made a de- 

 scent upon Yorkshire. The Conqueror had the address 

 to dissolve the confederacy. Edgar and his adherents 

 found safety in flight and concealment. Malcolm, when 

 too late, led his forces into England by the western 

 borders, and wasted and pillaged the country. 



Go-patrick. a Northumbrian chief, who had deterted 

 Atheling, retaliated upon Malcolm's subjects in Cum- 

 berland ; and the latter commanded his army to siexe 

 all the young men and women in the counties through 

 which they passed, and carry them captive into Scot- 

 land. To punish the late revolt, William the Conque- 

 ror laid waste the country between the H umber and 

 the Tees, and invaded Scotland. 



The Scots advanced to meet him ; but a convention A. D. 1071. 

 being agreed on, Malcolm gave hostages, and did ho- 

 mage for the lands which he held in England. 



A lapse of seven years succeeded ; and Malcolm 

 availed himself of William's absence on the Continent, 

 to invade Northumberland. An English army under 

 Robert advanced upon Scotland, but was compelled to 

 make a retreat. With the view of obstructing the in- 

 cursions of the Scots, William erected Newcastle. 



William was succeeded by William Rufus, who re- A. D. I08O. 

 leased Duncan, and conferred the honour of knight- 

 hood upon him. To recover possession of bis English 

 territories, Malcolm penetrated into England as far as 

 Newcastle. Having there received intelligence that an 

 army was forming to arrest his progress, he retired. 



Rufus, in retaliation, prepared an army for the inva- 

 sion of Scotland ; but a peace was concluded by the 

 mediation of Robert, Duke of Normandy, and Edgar 

 Atheling. Malcolm promised the same duty that be 

 had yielded to the Conqueror ; and William in return 

 gave him a compensation for the lands he claimed in 

 England. 



J jut the peace was not of long continuance ; and a 

 disagreement having arisen about the late treaty, the 

 king of Scots assembled a tumultuary army, burst into 

 Northumberland, and renewed the miseries of that pro- 

 vince. In attempting to possess himself of the castle A. D. 1093. 

 ofAlnwick, he and b.is eldest son were slain. The 

 army immediately retreated, and the remains of Mal- 

 colm were interred. His queen survived him only a 

 few days. He had nine children : Duncan the eldest 

 was illegitimate ; the remaining six sons and daugh- 

 ters were bom to him by Margaret. 



A great change was introduced into the manners of 

 that nation during this reign. Malcolm had passed 

 his youth at the English court. He married an Anglo- 

 Saxon princess ; and appeared in public with a state 

 and retinue previously unknown in Scotland, while the 

 queen introduced a degree of politeness into her court, 

 remarkable for that age, and contributed to soften the 

 rude manners of the nobility. 



