532 



SCOTLAND. 



History. Dannld Bane and Duncan. At the death of Mal- 

 * *~ *' colm, all his children were under age. His brother 

 A. D. 109 1. Dona ] cl hac j ta k en re f uge in the Hebrides, after Mac- 

 beth's usurpation, and having assembled a powerful 

 armament in the western isles, he invaded Scotland, 

 and ascended the throne. Duncan, the illegitimate 

 son of Malcolm, was in the service of .Rufus when 

 these events happened, obtained his permission to in- 

 vade Scotland, and expelled the usurper. No sooner 

 had Duncan assumed the sovereign authority, than a 

 conspiracy was formed against him by his brother Ed- 

 mund and the fugitive Donald. 



At their instigation, Malpedir, Earl of Mearns, as- 

 sassinated Duncan. Donald Bane reascended the 

 throne, but Edmund was condemned to perpetual im- 

 prisonmentr Wiliiam Rufus gave the command of an 

 army to Edgar Atheling, who marched into Scot- 

 land, and placed Edgar the son of Malcolm upon the 

 throne of his ancestors. Donald was imprisoned and 

 deprived of his eyes. 



A. D. 1098. Edgar. The reign of this prince is not distinguish- 

 ed by any memorable event, and he maintained peace 

 with England during his administration of ten years. 

 The amicable relation between the kingdoms was 

 Strengthened by the marriage of Matilda, Edgar's 

 sister, with Henry, (Beauclerc) king of England. 

 A D.I 106. Alexander the First.' Alexander succeeded his bro- 

 ther Edgar, and married Sibilla, Henry's natural 

 daughter ; David, the youngest son of wfalcolm Can- 

 more, was put in possession of Cumberland agreeably 

 to a testamentary deed of the late king. 



Alexander was called into the northern provinces 

 to quell an insurrection excited by Angus, the grand- 

 son of Lulach, who claimed the crown. Angus made 

 submission, and tranquillity was restored. Alexander 

 died at Stirling and left no legitimate issue. 

 A. D. 1124. David. David, the youngest son of Malcolm, suc- 

 ceeded his brother. His reign forms an epoch in the 

 history and jurisprudence of Scotland. By attending 

 the English court, he acquired a knowledge of the 

 laws of that kingdom and experience in the art of go- 

 vernment. He married the widow of the Earl of 

 Northampton. 



With the view of securing the crown to his daugh- 

 ter Matilda, in defect of his own issue male, the king 

 of England engaged the king of Scots, the English 

 clergy and nobility, with Stephen Earl of Montainge 

 and Bretagne, to guarantee this settlement. By this 

 engagement, David was involved in protracted nego- 

 tiations, which eventually entailed war upon both king- 

 doms. 



A. D. 1130. Angus, Earl of Moray attempted again to overturn 

 the government. In suppressing this insurrection, 

 David was assisted by Walter L'Espee. The insurg- 

 ents were defeated at Strickathro' in. Forfarshire. 



The death of Henry of England was the signal for 

 a civil war in that kingdom. Stephen seized the 

 throne, notwithstanding his solemn engagement to 

 support the claim of Matilda. The king of Scots in- 

 vaded England. The hostile monarchs entered into 

 an insincere treaty ; but the war was rekindled with 

 animosity, and continued to rage for two years. 

 A. D. 1138, The battle of the standard was fought on Cutton 

 Moor near Northallerton. The English formed a com- 

 pact body, with the standard in the centre. The Scots 

 were ranged in three divisions. The Scottish infantry 

 were badly armed.; their swords were brittle, and 

 their only implement of defence was a target of lea- 

 ther. 



The Bishop of Orkney exhorted the English to bat- History. 

 tie ; he promised them victory, and absolved all who ' y"" -^ 

 should fall in the cause of their country. The vener- 

 able Walter L'Espee ascended the carriage to which 

 the standard was fixed, and harangued the multitude. 

 The shock was bloody, and continued two hours. 

 Symptoms of general disorder began to appear ; when 

 the Prince of Scotland attacked and dispersed the 

 troops that guarded the rear. The Gallowaymen ral- 

 lied, and at that moment, an English soldier cutting 

 off the head of one of the slain, raised it, and cried, 

 " The head of the king of Scots." 



Consternation spread through the Scottish army, 

 and the Scottish nobles compelled the king to retreat. 

 After their defeat, the Scots turned their weapons 

 against each other. The king interposed his authority, 

 and to give them employment, led them to the siege of 

 Werk, when a treaty of peace was negotiated between 

 the hostile kings by the papal legate. 



David ratified the peace concluded at Durham. The A. D.I 139. 

 Prince of Scotland was gratified with the earldom of 

 Northumberland, on condition that he should do ho- 

 mage as an English baron. . The authority of Stephen 

 was at this time established ; but he alienated the af- 

 fections of the clergy, and reinvolved the nation in war. 

 Matilda being seated on the throne, invited her uncle 

 the king of Scots to her court ; but the English de- 

 posed her, ancl obliged her to fly, accompanied by her 

 royal kinsman. 



From that time David relinquished all concern in A. D. 1141. 

 the affairs of England, and turned his attention to the 

 government of his own kingdom. An Englishman 

 named Wimund, of obscure birth, was promoted to 

 the see of Man. Pretending to be the son of Angus, 

 earl of Moray, he collected a number of associates, and 

 made piratical incursions in the Western Islands. He 

 obtained for his wife, a daughter of Somerled, Thane 

 of Argyll, invaded Scotland, pillaged the country, and 

 slew the inhabitants. But his people conspired against 

 him, put out his eyes, and delivered him over to the A. D. 1151. 

 government, by which he was imprisoned for life in 

 Roxburgh castle. 



During the course of his administration, David es- 

 tablished towns, promoted agriculture, manufactures, 

 and commerce, and instituted the municipal laws, 

 known by the name of Leges Burgorum. He expired 

 in the seventy-third year of his age. 



Malcolm the Fourth, styled the Maiden, succeeded A. D.I 153. 

 his grandfather. Upon the death of his father, Mal- 

 colm had been sent on a progress through Scotland, 

 and proclaimed heir to the crown. He was only twelve 

 years of age when he ascended the throne. His ac- 

 cession was no sooner announced, than Somerled 

 Thane of Argyll excited an insurrection. The events 

 of this war are unknown, but Somerled at length 

 agreed to terms of accommodation, and kept the peace 

 during seven years. 



Upon the death of Stephen, Henry the Second suc- 

 ceeded to the throne of England, and demanded the 

 restitution of those territories which the king of Scots 

 held in England. The kings had an interview at 

 Chester. Prudence induced Malcolm to relinquish" 

 what he could not defend. The king of Scots did 

 homage in the same form that his grandfather had 

 done to Henry the First, " reserving all his dignities," 

 and Henry in return conferred on him the honour of 

 Huntingdon. 



Ambitious of receiving the order of knighthood 

 from Henry, Malcolm repaired to the English court 



