SCOTLAND. 



583 



A. D. 1173. 



n.-,!,irv. at Carlisle. Henry refused the expected favour, and 

 "* '^c*' the young prince passed over to France, where he fought 

 under the banners of Henry, who rewarded him with 

 the honour of which he was ambitious. 



A.D. 1 16<). An insurrection in Galloway enabled Malcolm to em- 

 ploy his factious nobles, and to conciliate the affec- 

 tions of his people by the display of his valour. He 

 invaded that province twice without success ; but in a 

 third and more successful effort, he overcame his ene- 

 mies in battle, and constrained them to implore peace. 

 A.D. 1161. The inhabitants of Moray had often rebelled, and, 

 in consequence, Malcolm dispossessed them, scattered 

 them over Scotland, and planted new colonies in their 

 room. 



A.D. 1 !;.. Sumerled again invaded Scotland, and landed at 

 Renfrew. The inhabitants repulsed his army, and the 

 chief with his eldest son fell in battle. Malcolm died 

 at Jedburgh. 



A.I). 1165. JFi.'/iV/m, the Lion. In order to obtain the county 

 of Northumberland, bequeathed to him by David, 

 William repaired to the court of Henry, hoping that 

 a personal interview would bring the negotiation to a 

 speedy termination, whence he passed over into France, 

 served under the English banners, and was amused 

 with promises. 



A.D.1168. Indignant at Henry's insincerity, he sent ambassa- 

 dors to France, and concluded a treaty with that king- 

 dom against England. This is the first authentic evi- 

 dence ot the interco-.rse between France and Scotland. 

 William having failed in obtaining what he had no 

 jrood reason to expect, left England. The prince of 

 Wales persuaded William to join him in a confedera- 

 cy against his father, and promised him the earldom 

 of Northumberland ; and to his brother David, the 

 earldom of Cambridge. William invaded England, 

 but failed in his attempts on Werk and Carlisle. The 

 English crossed the Tweed, and wasted the southern 

 counties of Scotland. 



The Scots were more unfortunate in a second inva- 

 sion. Having advanced as far as Alnwick, William 

 imprudently weakened his army; and the Yorkshire 

 barons hastened to the aid of their neighbours. R-ilph 

 de Glanville, with a band of about four hundred 

 horsemen, approached the Scottish camp unobserved. 

 William mistook them for a party of his own strag- 

 glers returning loaded with spoil ; but the display of 

 the English banners soon undeceived him. Perceiv- 

 ing his error, he charged the enemy, but was dis- 

 mounted in the first shock, and was conducted to 

 A.D. 1174. Newcastle; being afterwards sent to Normandy to be 

 exhibited as a trophy of Henry's fortune. He con- 

 tinued in captivity only a few months ; but purchased 

 his liberty with the independence of his country, and 

 became Henry's liegeman for Scotland, and for all his 

 other territories. 



For the performance of this treaty, William con- 

 sented to deliver up the castles of Roxburgh, Berwick, 

 Jedburgh, Edinburgh and Stirling ; and gave his 

 brother David, and many of his chief barons as hosta- 

 A D.I 175. ges. He also, during the succeeding year, with the 

 clergy and barons, did homage to Henry at York. 



A dispute between the English and Scottish eccle- 

 siastics succeeded. William and the Pope became 

 parties in this quarrel ; and though his holiness laid 

 the kingdom under an interdict, the Scottish king and 

 clergy remained inflexible. At this crisis, the Pope 

 died ; and his successor, Lucius the Third, reversed 

 the sentence of excommunication. The captivity of 

 William, with his piincipal ministers, was the signal 



for kindling a civil war in Galloway. Gilbert, one of Hutory. 

 tin- chief, in in tiered hi* brother that he might rule **"'"*' 

 without a competitor; but entreated the protection of 

 Henry of England, offering to pay him a yearly 

 tribal 



The king led an army into Galloway ; but instead 

 of executing justice, he contented himself with a pe- 

 cuniary satisfaction. Gilbert renewed his depreda- 

 tions ; and William, dreading his power, offered a 

 treaty which was refused. William married Irman- A.D.I1H/J. 

 garder, daughter of Richard, Viscount of Beaumont, 

 and received as her dower the castle of Edinburgh, 

 the feudal service of forty knights, and a yearly re- 

 venue of a hundred pounds. 



Donald Dane infested the north ; and pretending a A I> 11*7. 

 title to the crown, seized Ross and JMoray, but wa* 

 slain at Inverness. The bishop of Durham was de- 

 puted by Henry to levy a contribution in Scotland for 

 the Holy War ; and the restitution of the castle* of 

 Roxburgh and Berwick was offered to William to in- 

 duce his compliance. The Scottish barons and clergy 

 assembled in Parliament, considering this demand as 

 an insult, refused their assents. 



Henry the Second died, and was succeeded by bis A.I' 

 son Richard, (Coaur de Lion) who restored Scotland 

 to its independence. For this, William agreed to pay 

 10,000 merks sterling. After this transaction, there 

 was no national war between the kingdoms for more 

 than a century. 



David, earl of Huntingdon, the king's brother, ac- 

 companied Richard to the Holy land. Upon his re- 

 turn, he was nearly shipwrecked upon the east coast of 

 Scotland, and founded a monastery at Lindores in Fife. 

 Harold, earl of Orkney and Caithness, having rebell- 

 ed, William attacked his forces and defeated them. 

 Upon the departure of the royal army, the refractory 

 clans again rebelled under the sons of Harold. The 

 king seized Harold, and detained one of his sons as 

 hostage ; who, in consequence of a third rebellion, had 

 his eyes put out, and perished in prison. A.D. 1197. 



Perceiving his declining health, William assembled A. D. 1801. 

 the barons, and they swore fealty to his infant son 

 Alexander. A dispute occurred between William, 

 and John, king of England, concerning a fortress on 

 the borders ; but the barons of both kingdoms inter- 

 fered, and terms of peace were adjusted. John pro- 

 mised to demolish the castle of Tweedmouth. \ 

 liam agreed to pay him fifteen thousand merks ; and 

 of this sum, ten thousand were advanced by the 

 barons, and six thousand by the boroughs. William A.! 1 

 died at Stirling, and was interred in the Abbey of 

 Arbroath. 



Alexander the Second. Alexander succeeded his 

 father, and was crowned at Scone in the seventeenth 

 year of his age. An insurrection in Moray, headed 

 by Donald Macwilliam, was quickly suppressed. A 

 civil war between John and his barons distracted the 

 English nations. The malcontents solicited the assis- 

 tance of Alexander, and promised him the surrender 

 of Carlisle, and the investiture of Northumberland. 



The Scots advanced to Norham castle, which they 

 besieged without success, but John desolated York- 

 shire and Northumberland. His soldiers penetrated 

 into Scotland; burned Dunbar, Haddington, the prio- 

 ry of Coldingham and Wick. Alexander wasted the A. 

 western marches with fire and sword. 



Lewis, the son of the king of France, landed a 

 body of troops in England for the purpose of co-ope- 

 rating with the discontented English, and the Scots 



