SCOTLAND. 



Sutiitict. 



( 'onimeice 

 .MI! manu- 

 factures. 8591 



Cotton. 



Spinning. 



HEMP. 

 2(96 17 1 18 at L.90 per ton, ii I~m,71H 61. Ojd. 



8 amounting to 1.- :i i I'J 2. l|d. 



These prices have fallen very much since the peace, 

 and the quantity of flax and hemp imported has been 

 nearly doubled. 



Such a sum, however, paid for the importation of 

 the raw material to foreign nations, greatly diminishes 

 the value of the flax and hemp manufactures in a 

 national point of view. 



The following TABLE thorns the number of persons em- 

 ployed in Alanu/aclures in Scotland of various de- 

 scriptions. 



The following TABLE contains a general view of the 

 Manufactures of Scotland. 



Value of raw 

 material. 



1. Cotton goodi 1,832,225 



2. Miscellaneous goods... 1,300,000 



3. Linen goods 834,149 



4. Woollen goods 300,000 



Profit of La- 

 bour. 



5,132,362 



3,700,000 



940,851 



150,000 



Total value. 



6,964,586 



5,000,000 



1,775,000 



450,000 



Total 4,266,373 9,923,213 14,189,586 



Cotton. 



About the year 1769, cotton was introduced into 

 Scotland as a material for the fabrication of cloth. It 

 was used at first as woof only, the warp being linen 

 yarn. The fabrics thus produced were stout chequer- 

 ed and striped goods, and also plain cloth, which was 

 either printed or dyed. 



The cotton manufacture consists of three branches; 

 1st, Spinning; 2d, Weaving the yarn into a great va- 

 riety of fabrics ; 3d, Thread-making. 



1. Spinning. The operation of spinning was origi. 

 nally performed on jennies, consisting at first of from 

 24 to 28 spindles each ; and the yarn produced was of 

 a soft oozy nature, unfit for warps, but well calculated 

 for calicoes, fustians, corduroys, and other stout 

 fabrics. But by the improvements in machinery, cot- 

 ton yarn can now be made of so fine a quality, that a 

 pound weight will extend nearly a hundred and fifty 



6 



mile* in length, and consequently goods of every t**- 

 ture, from the coarteU corduroys to the finest lace, 

 can be made of cotton. 



2. Cl'.th. While the Knglith manufacturer made 

 for the market the coarser kinds oft-loth, such as cali- 

 coes, jeans, fustians, thickset*, corduroys, shirtings, 

 &c. the Scotch directed their attention to the finer 

 qualities. Mull-mulls, and buke or book muslin, 

 were soon very perfectly executed. To these bare been 

 added brocades, lappets of all sorts, imitation shawls, 

 plain and Linoe gauzes, spidered, seeded, and nume- 

 rous species of draw loom, and other work of the moat 

 fanciful, delicate, and ornamental kind. Many of the** 

 fabrics, with the curious mechanism by which they are 

 executed, are exclusively of Scottish invention. Im- 

 mense quantities of cambrics, shirtings, sheeting*. 

 tweels, stripe*, checks, pullicates, ginghams, shawls, 

 &c. are manufactured in Scotland in a superior man- 

 ner. 



3. Threads. Within these few years a new species 

 of this article has been introduced, which, succeeding 

 beyond expectation, has almost entirely supplanted 

 linen sewing threads. The method of making them is 

 similar to that employed for manufacturing threads of 

 flax. The yarn is laid two or three ply, and twisted. 

 The twisting process is performed either on a jenny 

 fitted up for the purpose, or on the old Dutch mill. 

 The threads are either bleached or dyed ; and sold in 

 hanks, or coiled up in neat balls of different sizes, by 

 an ingenious machine, invented by Mr. Brunei. From 

 the nature of cotton, it is more easily bleached and 

 dyed than flax, and the colours it receives by dying 

 are generally brighter and more beautiful. 



Cotton threads are now in general me, and being 

 strong and even, they are fit for every purpose, with 

 few exceptions, to which- linen threads could be ap- 

 plied, and they are also cheaper. They have obtained 

 the name of wire threads, and they form an article 

 of profitable exportation to the West Indies and other 

 parts. The total quantity manufactured in Scotland 

 amounts to about 560,000 pounds, of the estimated 

 value of 196,000 Sterling. 



4. Hosiery. The whole number of stocking frames rjatkn 

 employed in Scotland does not exceed two thousand, 



and the value of the goods is about 160,000 annu- 

 ally. The weekly wages of a weaver, in this branch, 

 are, on an average, about 1 8s. 6d. but when the frame 

 is not his own, which is often the case, he has to pay 

 one shilling a week for the use of it 



The machinery for carding, roving, and spinning, 

 was at first extremely imperfect, and was wrought by 

 the hand. Better constructed' machines, however, 

 were soon introduced, and the power of a water wheel 

 was applied to the process of carding and roving The 

 spinning was performed on jennies, consisting at first 

 of from 24 to *8 spindles each, but subsequently in- 

 creased to 84, 96, 108, and even 120; and the yarn 

 was fit only for the coarsest fabrics. 



The next improvement of spinning machinery was 

 Arkwright's water frame, by which that particular 

 kind of yarn termed engine or water twist it produc- 

 ed. This sort of yarn possenses great strength : but when 

 drawn to any considerable degree of fineness, the 

 hardness of the twi.-tmj; renders it liable to what is 

 technically called snarling, which makes it difficult to 

 manage in the loom. The engine or water twist 

 being found too hard when drawn to great fine, 

 ness. 



