CHANGES IN THE STRATIFIED ROCKS 293 
which are called normal (Fig. 174), and reverse faults 
(Fig. 175). When the direction of the hade is toward 
the upthrow side, the fault is reverse; when it is 
toward the downthrow side, it is called a normal 
fault. In the reverse fault a vertical shaft will pierce 
the same layer twice, in the normal but once. With- 
out the use of illustrative models it would hardly be 
profitable to pursue the subject of faulting further. 
