490 
Basalt, 66, 342. 
Basaltic lava, jointing in, 278, 280, 281. 
Basic igneous rocks, 64. 
Basin ranges, 308. 
Bays, origin of, 472. 
Beaches, 77, 79, 231, 244, 245; ancient, 
454, 457, 475, 483; Cambrian, 449; ele- 
vated, 297, 302; lake, 238. 
Beds of sedimentary rocks, 260. 
Berkshire Hills, 452. 
Bermuda Islands, origin of, 237; rocks 
of, 274; sand dunes of, 132. 
Birds, Mesozoic, 430 ; Cenozoic, 435, 442 ; 
with teeth, 430. 
Bison, 436. 
Bituminous coal, 94, 462. 
Bluestone, 78. 
Bog iron ore, 85, 95, 97. 
Bone beds, 92, 97. 
Bosse, 348. 
Bowdoin glacier, Greenland, 206, 214, 
215. 
Bowlder beach, 244. 
Bowlder clay, 97, 209, 210, 219, 484. 
Brachiopods, Cambrian, 408; Carbonif- 
erous, 419; Devonian, 413, 414, 415; 
Mesozoic, 426; Ordovician, 408, 410; 
Silurian, 410. 
Breakers, 223. 
Breccia, 76, 97. 
Brontosaurus, 433. 
Brown coal, 93. 
Burrowing animals, aid in weathering, 
116, 128. 
Butte, 306, 307. 
Cc 
Caleareous rocks, 83, 89. 
Caleareous sandstone, 80. 
Caleareous tufa, 84, 86, 97. 
Calcite, 29, 31, 42, 68, 367; in veins, 380, 
381. 
Calcium, 24, 29. 
Cambrian, 398, 402; geography of, 449; 
life of, 407. 
Canadian beds, 402. 
Cafions, 166. 
Carbon, 24, 30. 
Carbonaceous clay, 81. 
ELEMENTARY GEOLOGY 
Carbonaceous shale, 94. 
Carbonate of lime as cement, 275; in 
ocean water, 221; in shells, 43. 
Carbonates, 31. 
Carbonic acid gas, 14, 15, 30, 82, 85, 118, 
450, 460. 
Carboniferous, 397, 398, 402; geography 
of, 458; landscape of, 424; life of, 419. 
Catskill beds, 402. 
Catskill Mountains, 306, 457. 
Caverns, 140, 150; deposits in, 84. 
Caves, 140, 150; deposits in, 84, 97; ores 
in, 380; preservation of fossils in, 389. 
Cavities in earth, 380. 
Cementing of rocks, 53, 86, 273, 275. 
Cenozoic, 402; life of, 433. 
Cephalopods, Carboniferous, 419; Devo- 
nian, 415, 416; Mesozoic, 426, 429, 430, 
431; Ordovician, 410; Silurian, 411; 
Tertiary, 442. 
Chalk, 258, 428, 467. 
Change of level of sea bottom and land, 
271. 
Channel, deepening of by rivers, 164. 
Channels, buried, 269. 
Charleston earthquake, 556, 358. 
Chemical action of ocean water, 220, 
239; of river water, 156, 175. 
Chemical agents of weathering, 117, 128. 
Chemical deposits in lakes, 193, 194; in 
rivers, 187. 
Chemical ore deposits, 380. 
Chemically precipitated rocks, 82, 97, 
Chemung strata, 402, 457. 
Chert, 95. 
Chile, change in level of, 295. 
Chlorides, 30, 32. 
Chlorine, 24, 25, 30, 32. 
Chronology, 395. 
Cincinnati Arch, 453. 
Classification of igneous rocks, 64, 66, 
403; metamorphic rocks, 105, 403; 
strata, 397, 402. 
Clastic rocks, 71, 73, 97. 
Clay beds, 97. 
Clay ironstone concretions, 276. 
Clay rocks, 80, 97; metamorphism of, 
367. 
Claystones, 276. ; 
Cleavage, 36, 40, 45; slaty, 100. 
ee 
