462 



HISTORICAL GEOLOGY 



lived farther north than now. In Europe, hyenas, lions, 



hippopotami, and other 

 African mammals reached 

 England and Belgium. In 

 the United States, at 

 some such time, sloths 

 and armadillos, related to 

 South American types, 

 frequented the southern 

 states, coming as far north 

 as Pennsylvania ; while 



FIG. 479 -Drawing of a reindeer on a horses were abundant in 

 piece of bone, from a cave in southern 



Europe. (U.S. Nat. Mus.) Alaska, along with buffa- 



loes (bisons) and elephants. 



First appearance of man. In the caves of France and 

 some other parts of Europe, human bones and implements 

 have been dug from beneath the hard layers of lime carbon- 

 ate which incrust the floors of caves generally. With them 



FIG. 480. Seals carved on a piece of bone found in southern France. 



(U.S. Nat. Mus.) 

 Are seals found in that region to-day ? 



are mingled the bones of the mammoth, reindeer, hyena, and 

 hippopotamus, none of which have lived in central Europe in 

 historic times, but which were plentiful there during the 

 Glacial or Interglacial epochs. Doubtless these earliest human 

 beings of which we have knowledge lived in the caves, and 

 brought thither the bones of these animals, which they had 

 killed with the rude stone-tipped spears and arrows now found 

 with their skeletons. They have even left us fairly correct 

 pictures of the reindeer, mammoth, bison, and other animals 

 of this time, drawn on ivory and slate. It is uncertain whether 

 man had reached America as early as the last glacial advance, 

 for neither human bones nor implements have been found with 



