ANBURY. 





iitfl 



the science which convey* a knowledge of the differences in the 

 (tnictora and organisation of the whole animal kingdom in all iU 

 clone*, onion, and species. 



It is evident that a science possessing such an extensive range must 

 be exceedingly imperfect ; especially when it is borne in mind that 

 scarcely half a century has elapsed since the first attempts were mode 

 to simplify, by systematisiug, its almost infinite details. It has 

 however made sufficient progress, not only to have furnished the 

 most important aids to the study of human anatomy and physiology, 

 but to have supplied a secure and broad foundation for all zoological 

 knowledge, both as regards existing and extinct races. As the basis 

 of modern zoology, comparative anatomy present* a subject of the 

 highest interest, and the most successful methods of classification 

 have been produced mainly by its aid. [ANIMAL KIKQDOH.] 



ANBURY and CLUB-ROOT, a sort of Galls produced by insects on 

 the roots of cabbages, turnips, hollyhocks, and other species of culti- 

 vated plants, and popularly, but incorrectly, supposed to arise from 

 peculiarities of soil, or from growing the same crop successively on 

 the same field, or to be owing to variations of seasons. Nothing can 

 be more simple than the disproof of all these theoretical notions. If 

 we take some of the cabbages or turnips, whose roots are infected 

 with anbury, and keep them in garden-pots covered over with close 

 gauze, in a short time, if the plants be kept growing, the little weevils, 

 evolved from the grubs in the interior of the roots, will make their 

 appearance, ready to multiply their species, by departing their eggs, 

 as their parents had done, on the first turnip or cabbage they can find. 

 The weevil thus arising continues to be no less, but often more, 

 destructive than the grub had proved to be in feeding on the roots ; 

 for it thrusts its beak (rostrum) into the seed-leaf of the turnip, and 

 greatly injures the crop. When the turnip in advanced to the rough 

 leaf, these insects either die, as most insects do, when they have laid 

 their eggs, or betake themselves to some other plant, such as clover, 

 which is suited to their taste. 



It will be therefore evident, that no peculiar rotation of crops, nor 

 peculiar manure for dressing the soil, can be of any avail in preventing 

 anbury, or in stopping its progress when the insects have obtained a 

 lodgement within the roots. The destruction of the adult insects 

 before they have laid their, eggs, is the only remedy, though in the 

 case of so small a species it is peculiarly difficult to effect. 



ANCHOVY (Engraulut, Cuvier), a genus of Abdominal Malacoptery- 

 gious Fishes, separated by Baron Cuvier from the dupecf, or Herrings of 

 Linnaeus, from which they are distinguished by the superior number 

 of their branchiostegous rays, amounting to twelve or upward*, by 

 the gape of the mouth extending behind the eyes, and by the straight 

 and prolonged form of the superior maxillary bones, which form a 

 small muzzle, projecting considerably beyond the mouth. The 

 genus, as at present constituted, consists of six or seven species, all 

 of diminutive size, and with the exception of the Common Anchovy 

 (E. rncrtiticholiu), and a nearly allied species distinguished from it by 

 M. Cuvier (E. mcletta), all inhabitants of the tropical seas of India and 

 America. Whether them latter agree with the European species in 

 the savour and other qualities of the flesh, for which it is so highly 

 esteemed, is a doubtful question ; at all events we ore not aware that 

 the fishing of the native species has ever been attempted either in 

 America or India. 



The Common Anchovy is a small fish, not much longer than the 

 middle finger, of a bluish-brown colour on the back, and silvery-white 

 on the belly. The anal-fin is remarkably short, and the dorsal situated 

 immediately above the ventral ; these characters will serve readily to 

 distinguish it from the sprat and other kindred species, with which it 

 might otherwise be confounded, and which are, in fact, not (infre- 

 quently imposed upon the public for the real anchovy. It abounds 

 in the Mediterranean along the shores of Spain, Italy, and Greece ; in 

 the Atlantic it is found along the coasts of Portugal and France, and 

 occasionally has been taken off the shores of England and Holland. 

 Considerable fisheries of Anchovies are established along the coasts 

 of Provence and Catalonia; but the most productive of all is off 

 Gorgona, a small island west of Leghorn. The latter fishery is carried 

 on only during the months of Hay, June, and July, at which period the 

 anchovies quit the deep seas and approach the shores for the purpose 

 of depositing their roe ; it is then only that they are found in the 

 Mediterranean, which they enter in enormous shoals, by the straits of 

 Gibraltar, at the commencement of the breeding season, and leave it, 

 after fulfilling this duty, to retire again to the depths of the Atlantic. 

 They are fished for only during the night, and are attracted round 

 the boat* by means of charcoal fires which are kept burning in the 

 terms. 



After being caught, the heads, gills, and entrails are separated from the 

 bodies, which are salted and arranged in small barrel*, v.irying from 

 6 to 20 pounds in weight : this is the only preparation which they 

 undergo previous to bung sent to market ; and if proper means be 

 taken to exclude the air they will in this state keep for a considerable 

 period. It, when the barrels are open, the fmh are found to be small 

 and firm, round-backed, with a silvery-white skin and red ll<--li, and a 

 pluuip compact form, they are probably the true anchovy ; if, on the 

 contrary, they taper very much towards the tail, are of a dark brown 

 <: nlour without, and have flabby pale-coloured flesh, they will probably 

 turn out to be tbc Sardine (K. maletla), another Mediterranean sjiccics 



frequently mixed with real anchovies, or even sold separately as the 

 genuine ush. 



No condiment is more generally known and esteemed than anchovy 

 HIIIIUO. It was also in use among the Romans, and was one of the 

 kinds of sauce called Uarmn, which appears to have formed an 

 pensable article of seasoning in their most expensive and luxurious 



.!.-!,. 1 



ANCHOVY PEAR [GaiAi.] 



ANCHU'SA, a genus of plant* belonging to the natural order 

 BoragitMtcta, and to the sub-tribe Anchtuat. The calyx is 5-fid ; the 

 corolla funnel-shaped, with a straight tube, the throat being closed by 

 prominent obtuse scales ; the stamens are included, and subseasile ; 

 the fruit a nut, which is depressed. The species are chiefly inhabitant* 

 of the temperate parts of the earth, either on the mountains of tropical 

 regions or the temperate zone. They are all of them rough plants, and 

 are known, as well as the species of Lycopat and A'cAium, by th< 

 mon name of Bugtoes. Some of the species have been used' in medicine, 

 while others are employed in the arts for dyeing. Two are inhabitants 

 of Great Britain. 



A. offcinalu, Common Alkanet or Buglosa, has lanceolate hwpid 

 leaves, unilateral crowded spikes, ovate-lanceolate bracts, the segment* 

 of the calyx bluntish, hairy on both sides, the scales of the . 

 hairy. The flowers are a deep purple. It is an inhabitant of Great 

 Britain, on waste ground, but is a rare plant. In the south of France, 

 Germany, and Switzerland it is everywhere common, in uncultivated 

 places, on old walls, and by the road-aide. The young plant is some- 

 times boiled and eaten. The roots contain a comtiderable quantity <>f 

 gum, and when boiled yield a demulcent drink, which was once in 

 repute as a medicine. 



A. temperrirent, Evergreen Bugloss, has ovate leaves, with lower 

 leaves on long stalks, the peduncles axillary, each bearing two dense 

 spikes with on intermediate flower, the segments of the calyx ha 

 the outside only, the bracts minute lanceolate, scales of the corolla 

 downy, flowers blue, salver-shaped. This plant is found on waste 

 ground, near ruins, in Great Britain, but is rare. 



A.tinctoria, Dyers' Bugloss or Alkanet, has diffuse stems, oblong 

 hispid leaves, bracts longer than the calyx, the segments of the con ! U 

 shorter than the stamens. The corolla hasa deep blood-coloured tul.,-. 

 with the limb deep blue. The root is woody, descending, and of a 

 dark blood-red colour. This plant is a native of Peloponnesus. the 

 island of Cyprus, and the deserts about Alexandria. It is cultivated 

 in the south of France for the sake of the root, which yields a fine red 

 colour to oils, wax, all unctuous substances, and to spirits of wine. Its 

 chief use is in colouring lip-solves, ointments, &c. It is however some- 

 times employed for staining wood and dyeing cotton. It is also used 

 for colouring many of the beverages sold under the name of port wine, 

 and the corks used for the bottles in which this fluid is sold. 



A. angatlifolia, Narrow-Leaved Bugloss, has linear lanceolate hir-pid 

 leaves, ovate-lanceolate bracte, 5-fid calyx, with blunt teeth. The tube 

 of the corolla is pale purple, the limb deep blue. In gardens it attains 

 a height of two feet, but when wild it in not more than a foot high. 

 It grows in Italy, Germany, and Switzerland, by road-sides, amongst 

 rubbish, and on the borders of ploughed fields. 



In the cultivation of the species of this genus but little care is 

 required, as they will grow in almost any soil, and are easily increased 

 by seed. The A. Capetuis, Cape Bugloss, requires the treatment of a 

 greenhouse plant. Many of them are pretty annuals for the garden, 

 as A. paniculata, A. Jiarrdifre, 4c. 



ANCILLA or ANCILLATtlA, are the names given by Lamarck to 

 a genus of Spiral Univalve Marine Shells, allied to the Olives. Like 

 them they are covered with a bard shining coat, destitute of any 

 periostraca, and are immured in the large foot of the animal, so that 

 the middle of the back of the shell can be alone discovered. They 

 chiefly differ from the Olives in the suture of the whorl, being callous 

 and not furni.-he.i with a groove, fanned by a thread-like filament 

 placed at the end of the mantle, which is wonting in this genus : they 

 are also furnished with a small ovate operculum. The species are 

 numerous, ami are chiefly confined to tropical climates; some have a 

 small tooth, like the Unicorn Shell (Monocerof), placed at the end of a 

 groove crossing the front of the shell. The beat-known species is the 

 Ivory Shell, which with a few others differ from the rest of the genus 

 in having the front of its axis deeply pierced. 



ANCYLO'CERAS (IXOrbigny*. "This Fossil genus of M. D'Orbigny 

 includes several species of JJamtici (Phillips), from the Speeton ('Inv- 

 alid Lower Grcensand. 



A Ni'Vl.l'S is the name of the shell which is usually culled the 

 Fresh-Water Limpet They ore small pellucid conical shells, with 

 Hlightly-recurved tips. The canty is simple, and marked with a 

 horseshoe-shaped muscular scar near the margin, which is interrupted 

 on the middle of the left hide over the respiratory holes, as in the 

 genus Syjihonaria. This animal, like the I'mid-Simi! (f.ii,/iini), has 

 two compressed triangular tentacles, with the eyes s?s>i|e <>i> the 

 outer base ; anil a respiratory cavity placed on the middle of the 

 bock, with an aperture closed by a valve opening in the middle of the 

 left side. 



This genus is very nearly allied to the I'iul -Snail, from which it 

 chiefly differs in the simple conical form of its body and shell ; and 

 some species, h* Ancylut, are allied to it by having the BJICX bent on 



