197 



ANDALUSITE. 



ANIMAL KINGDOM. 



193 



one side, as if making an approach to the spiral form. It has been 

 placed in several orders, but there is little doubt that its true situation 

 is with the lung-breathing mollusca. They are found in Europe, 

 America, and the West Indies, attached to stones and plants, and they 

 will live a considerable time out of the water. They are easily known 

 from the Syphonarice, which are the only shells they can be confounded 

 with, by their being sinistral, very thin, and covered with a hairy 

 periostraca. 



ANDALUSITE, a Mineral consisting of 



Silica 39-09 



Alumina 58'56 



Protoxide of Manganese . . . . 0'53 



Lime 0'21 



Water 0'99 



99-38 



It occurs crystallised ; its primary form being a right rhombic prism. 

 It has an uneven conchoidal fracture. Its colour varies from a flesh- 

 red to a brownish and grayish-red. It has a vitreous lustre. It 

 occurs both transparent and opaque. The specific gravity is 3'104. 

 This mineral is found in Spain, France, and North America. The 

 above analysis is from an American specimen. 



ANE'MONE (Surrfi^vri) is a genus of plants belonging to the natural 

 order Ranuncvlacece. It consists of lowly herbs, usually perennials, 

 with white, or purple, or scarlet, or even yellow blossoms, in which 

 there is no distinct calyx, and which are succeeded by a cluster of 

 grains, each terminated by a long silky feathery tail. As the species 

 generally grow on open plains or in high exposed situations, their 

 feathery grains produce a singular shining appearance when waved by 

 the breeze, whence their name, and which literally signifies Wind- 

 Flower, their English appellation. 



The Anemones possess, in common with other Ranwneulaceir, an 

 acrid property. The leaves of A. puhatilla will raise blisters on the 

 skin ; if chewed, they produce irritation of the throat and tongue ; and 

 their roots, as well as those of A. pratensig, a nearly related species, 

 produce nausea and vomiting if administered in very small doses, on 

 which account they have been strongly recommended by some medical 

 men in various complaints. The following are the most remarkable 

 species : 



1. A. pultatilla, or Pasque Flower, grows wild upon exposed downs 

 in various parts of England, as on the Gogmagog Hills near Cambridge, 

 the heath at Newmarket, and on open chalky pastures. It has large 

 purple flowers and finely-cut hairy leaves. 



2. A. nemorota, the Wood Anemone, is found abundantly in woods 

 all over England, covering the ground with its neat white flowers 

 under the shelter of bushes as early as March and April. It is a 

 perennial plant with knobby roots, and a short stem having one 

 or two smooth, bright-green, deeply-cut leaves. It is poisonous to 

 cattle. 



3. A. paronina, the Peacock Anemone, a native of the vineyards in 

 Provence, about Nice, and in other parts of the south of Europe. This 

 is not very uncommon in gardens, where it is usually, but improperly, 

 named A. tellata. It is known by its scarlet or scarlet and white 

 flowers, which are usually double, and have their divisions very sharp- 

 pointed. It is one of the handsomest of the cultivated species. 



4. A. coronaria, the Common Garden Anemone. Found in a wild 

 state in moist meadows in the south of France, Italy, and Greece, and 

 different parts of Asia Minor ; Dr. Russell speaks of it as abundant 

 near Aleppo. In these places it is seen only in a single state, but even 

 then sporting into a variety of colours, the principal of which are white, 

 scarlet, and purple in different shades. 



5. A. itellata is a native of various parts of Germany, France, and 

 the Levant, and is also often seen in our gardens, where it is called 

 A. hortetais. It differs from the last in having smaller and narrower 

 petals, very rarely double flowers, a greater tendency to purple in their 



.in, and much broader leaves. It is not so liable to vary as the 

 lost species. 



AN'EMON'IES, SEA. [ACTISIADA] 



AXilKL-KISH. [SQUALID*;.] 



AXGE'LICA, a genus of plants belonging to the natural order 

 VmheUifeng. It comprehends several species, the principal part of 

 which are to be met with in botanic gardens ; and one that was formerly 

 very much cultivated as an esculent plant This, the Angelica archan- 

 or Archamgclica officinalit, is a native of the banks of rivers and 

 of wet ditches in all the northern parts of Europe ; in this country it 

 grows abundantly on the banks of the Thames below Woolwich, and 

 m several other places. It is a biennial plant, with a large fleshy 

 aromatic root, blackish externally, but white within; and a stout 

 furrowed branched stem as high as a man. Its leaves are of a clear 

 bright green, shining, and divided into a very large number of heart- 

 shaped finely-serrated lobes. The flowers are white, and disposed in 

 round very compact umbels ; they are succeeded by large broad- 

 <l grains of a pale yellowish-brown colour. Each partial umbel 

 w xtirroimded at its base by 7 or 8 pointed undivided bracts. 



Kor the sako of its agreeable aromatic odour, this plant is much 

 cultivated on the Continent. Its blanched stems, candied with sugar, 

 form a very agreeable sweetmeat, possessing tonic and stomachic 

 qualit OB. Its roots contain a pungent, aromatic, stimulating principle. 



A very common wild species, the Angelica sylvestris, or Wild Angelica, 

 which is found all over the meadows near the Thames above London 

 possesses similar properties. 



Angelica archangclica, a diminished figure. 



1. A partial umbel of the natural size. 2. A separate flower. 



3. The back of one of the partial umbels, showing the bracts. 



ANGLARITE, a name for the native blue phosphate of iron. 

 PROS.] 



ANGLESITE, in Mineralogy, a name for the native sulphate of lead. 



ANHYDRITE, the Mineralogical name for the native anhydrous 

 sulphate of lime. It is found at Halle in the Tyrol, Bex in Switzerland, 

 and in the Salt-Mines of Upper Austria and Salzburg. A specimen 

 from Sulz yielded 



Sulphuric acid . .... 56 



Lime 42 



Silica 2 



It occurs both massive and crystallised. The crystals have the form 

 of a right rhombic prism. The cleavage is very distinct, and parallel 

 to the terminal planes and their two diagonals, indistinct parallel to 

 the Literal planes. The fracture is uneven. The colour is white, bluish, 

 violet, or reddish. The streak is grayish-white. The lustre is vitreous 

 and pearly on the cleavage surfaces. It is transparent and translucent. 

 It has a double refraction. Tlje specific gravity is from 2'5 to 2'9. Its 

 hardness 3'0 to 3'5. The massive varieties are amorphous, nodular, or 

 renifonn. 



ANIMAL FLOWERS. [ACTINIAM.] 



ANIMAL HEAT. [HEAT, ANIMAL.] 



ANIMAL KINGDOM. All natural objects are referred by naturalists 

 to three great divisions, called the Kingdoms of Nature. These are 

 respectively called after the objects they include, the Mineral Kingdom, 

 Vegetable Kingdom, and Animal Kingdom. Although at first sight 

 nothing would appear easier than defining these great groups, in such 

 a manner as to afford an easy means of distinction, it is nevertheless 

 one of considerable difficulty. The difficulty, however, does not lie in 

 the typical object of each kingdom, as a rock, an oak-tree, and a man, 

 but in applying the definition to those objects which lie as it were on 

 the limits of each kingdom. The line is perhaps better drawn between 

 minerals, and plants and animals, than between the latter two. It is 

 usual to speak of minerals as forming the Inorganic Kingdom or 

 portion of Nature, whilst plants and animals constitute the Organic 

 Kingdom. The great distinctive character of the Organic Kingdom, is 

 the fact of their parts originating in and being formed out of cells 

 which give to them many characters by which they are distinguished 



