xai 



ANTHROPOUTEa 



ANTII.nl 



It occurs in crystalline niMum with a fibrous columnar structure. 

 The cleavage u parallel to the lateral planes of a rhombic prism and 

 to both iU diagonals. The colour varies from a brown to a yellowish- 

 brown. It has a white streak and an uneven fracture. The specific 

 gravity is from 3-0 to 3'8. The lustre is pearly, and inclining to 

 metallic. It is translucent and transparent on the edges. It is found 

 at Kongsberg and Moduin in Norway, in the United States, and in 



..i:. I p..,.. - 



I1K<> I'oI.lTKS, the name given to Human Fossil Remains. 

 Although at one time it was thought that human remains were often 

 found fossilised, .the investigations of modern anatomists have shown 

 that in most of these cases the supposition has been false. Daubenton 

 tint demonstrated that some bones which had long been regarded in 

 Paris as tho remains of a gigantic human being belonged to a lower 

 tribe of beings. The researches of Cuvier gave a clue by which all 

 01 sea might be tested, and most of the earlier instances brought 

 forward have been referred to their correct typos. 



Human fossil bones have, however, been discovered in the Belgian 

 bone-caverns, with bears, rodents, Ac., and are figured by 1 >r. Scliinerling, 

 in his interesting work on the bones found in a cavern near Liege. 



Dr. Buckland (' Bridgewater Treatise ') remarks that fre.ju. 

 coveries have been made of human bones and rude works of art in 

 natural caverns, sometimes inclosed in stalactite, at other times in 

 beds of earthy materials, which are interspersed with bones of extinct 

 species of quadrupeds. These eases, he thinks, may be explained by 

 the common practice of mankind in all ages to bury their dead in such 

 convenient rej)ositoriea. "The accidental circumstance," continues 

 I >r. Buckland, " that many caverns contained the bones of extinct 

 species of other animals, dispersed through tho same soil in which 

 human bodies may, at any subsequent period, have been buried, affords 

 no proof of the time when these remains of men were introduced. 

 Many of the caverns have been inhabited by savage tribes, who, for 

 convenience of occupation, have repeatedly disturbed portions of soil 

 in which their predecessors may have been buried. Such disturbances 

 will explain the occasional admixture of fragments of human skeletons 

 and the bones of modern quadru]>eds with those of extinct species 

 introduced at more early periods and by natural causes. Several 

 accounts have been published within the lost few years of human 

 remains discovered in the caverns of France and in the province of 

 Liege, which are described as being of the same antiquity with the 

 bones of hyicnas and other extinct quadrupeds that accompany them. 

 Most of these may probably admit of explanation l>y reference to the 

 causes just enumerated. In tho case of caverns which form the 

 channels of subterranean rivers, or which are subject to occ. 

 inundations, another cause of the admixture of human bones with the 

 remains of animals of more ancient date may be found in the movements 

 occasioned by running water." 



Tho same learned author observes that the most remarkable and 

 only recorded case of human skeletons imbedded in a solid lin 

 rock is that on the shore of Guadaloupe, adding that there i< however 

 no reason to consider these bones to be of high antiquity, as the rock 

 in which they occur is of very recent formation, and is composed of 

 agglutinated fragments of shells and enrols which inhabit tho adjacent 

 water. Such kind of stone is frequently formed in a few years from 

 sand-banks composed of similar materials, on the shores of tropical 

 seas. (' Bridgewater Treatise,' voLi.) One of these skeletons, described 

 by Mr. Konig (' Phil. Trans.,' 1814) is in the British Museum. Sec 

 further as to the rock in which the skeletons are imbedded, ' Linn. 

 Trans.,' 1818, vol. xii. 



]>r. Lund published, some years ago, the discovery of human 

 remains with those of Meyalhtrium, Ac. ; and he was of opinion 

 that the fonncr were of the same epoch as those of the latter. The 

 cranium had the jieculiar shape which distinguishes the ancient 

 Peruvian. 



A NTH I "S (Bechstein), the Pipit, a genus of birds separated by Dr. 

 Bechstein from the Linmenn genus Alaiutu, a separation followed by 

 'JVmniinck, Cuvier, Lesson, and Selby, and justly; for tin" 



have a long hind claw, and are usually coloured, like the 

 larks, their bill is more slender, in consequence of which they 

 like tie in, f. cd on grain. In tho form of the head, in the 

 if the tail, and their mode of life, they resemble the Wag- 

 tails (Mvtticiltn} on tho one hand, and on the other the Blue-Breast 



i fiuccifit). 



Adhering, then, to the distinction of Bechstein, we characterise tho 

 Pij.it* by the bill being straight, -lender, somewhat awl-shaped towards 

 tho point, having the base of the upiwr mandible keeled, the tij.s lightly 

 1* nt downwards, and notched. The nostrils, situated at the sides of 

 the base of the bill, are oval, and partly concealed by a membrane : 

 feet, with the shank (tartvt) generally exceeding tho middle toe in 

 length ; toes, three before and one behind, and with tho outer toe 

 adhering to the middle one as far as the first joint; the hi 

 rather long. The wings have the first quill very short; the third 

 and fourth the longest in each wing. 



A. praleniii, the Meadow-Pipit, known also by the names Titlark, 

 Titling, Common Titlark, and Moss-C'hi-eper, is a common I'.ritish 

 bin), occurring on tho coasts as well as tho interior of the country, 

 nnd frequenting wet meadows, moors, and nastnro-land. 



It usually builds its nest on a grassy bank or beside a tuft or turf. 



It is to this specie* that the young of the cuckoo are most frequently 

 consigned. 



lioretu, the . Meadow-Lark, or short Heeled 



Lark, is a larger bird than the last It is only a -un.: 

 in the British Islands, arriving at the end of April, and departing in 

 September. IU song U superior to that of the last. It fre-p 

 perches on trees. It builds its nest on the ground. 



A.obururiu, Dusky or Short- -Pipit. Hock-Pipit, Hock-Lark, Sea-Lark, 

 Dusky Lark, is larger than the last sjwcies, has duller tint.-, and is 

 entirely confined to the Ben-shore. 



A. .<;. Wf.'M, Hed-Breasted Pij.it, lias been observed l.y Mr. 

 Macgillivray in the neighbourhood of Kdinl.urgh. 



.1. / ;!(. was first described as a !' 



species by Mr. Vigors. (Macgillivray, Hi-ititk Bird*.) 



ANTIAH1S is the botanical name of the half-fabulous Ujuw-Tree, 

 of which so many idle stories were propagated some year -m. < l.y 

 travellers. It was said to be a large tree, growing in the island of 

 Java, in the midst of a desert caused by its own pintit. i , qu. 

 its exhalations were reported to be so unwholesome, that not 

 did they cause death to all animals which approached the ti. 

 even destroyed vegetation for a considerable distance round it . 

 finally, the juice which flowed from its stem, when wounded, was 

 said to be the most deadly of poisons. To approach the I' pas-Tree, 

 even for the momentary purpose of wounding its stem and carrying 

 away the juice, was stated to be so dangerous, that none l.ut criminals 

 under sentence of death could be found to undertake the tosl 

 is usual in such cases, this fable is founded upon certain > 

 phenomena which occur in Java. Th.-iv is such a tree as the Upas, 

 and its juice, if mixed with the blood in the body of any animal, is 

 speedily fatal ; and there is also a tract of land in the same island on 

 which neither animal nor plant can exist. But the two circum.-' 

 have no relation to each other: the poisoned tract is a small valley 

 completely surrounded by a steep embankment, like the crater of a 

 volcano, and is continually emitting from it* surface carbonic acid 

 gas, which is alike fatal to animals and plants; on the other hand. 

 the poisonous Upas-Tree is not an inhabitant of the valley, for nothing 

 can live there, but it flourishes in the woods, in the midst of other 

 trees which are unbanned by its vicinity. 



The Upas is a species of tile genus Antiarit, which belongs 

 natural order . a group of plants all of which al.und in a 



milky juice, and many of which are poisonous. (AliTt>r.MirK...i -I. 

 i is the true Upas. It is not. unlike i ' ,illn, which 



i found on the north coast of Australia. 



Antiarit 



1, A brail of nwlo HUM-ITU i" ihi' involiicrum ; 2, tho tame ilivi.lnl perpendi- 

 cularly ; S, a couple of the male lk. Ml; .'., the nmc d 



pcrptnilii-ularly ; 6, a fruit. 



A NTH'I.l'NAL, R fcrm in ' that, 



from a given lin. . .lipiuopp. .us. 



ANTJiIiiHI'iT., in Mineralogy, a silicate of lime and magn< 



"ii/ite. [BwUMEOaJ 



i ILnl'K.K, in /oology, a family of Ruminating Man 

 belonging to the Hollow-Horned group, nnd distinguished by the 

 following characters. The 1 I, bent back, eylindn 



compressed, nnd ringed at the lw. The knot! (or wrist) in the i 

 of the fore-ler. The occipital plane of the skull form 

 angle wir'u the frontal plane, (.'ore of tho honifi thin, consisting of 



