BARLEKIA. 



VLT. 



layer u very variable in iU development Sometimes it grows to a 

 very remarkable extant, as U MWII in the Cork Oak (Qua-cut Suber), 

 in which the layer of the bark uaed for making corks, Ac., is the 

 end..phl.i-iiin. On this account it h been called the Subcrous Layer. 

 It occur* in other plant* beside* the Qmrcui Suber, and constitutes a 

 very pretty variety of the common elm, in which, in consequence of 

 the growth of the tuberous layer, the stem becomes quite altered in 

 character. 



The MmojMceum lie* immediately beneath the epiphkcum ; it con- 

 auto of a layer of polyhedral cellular tissue, and in the cell* of which 

 it U composed the colouring matter of the bark is deposited. It is in 

 these cells that chlornphyle in deposited in the stems of most \..nn;r 

 plants, which give to them their green and fresh appearance. Even when 

 the epidermis has assumed another colour the cpiphlseum often appears 

 quite green, as is the case in the common Elder (Samlmciu ni</r >. 



The mesophla>um, with the epiphkcum above it, is often split by 

 the growth of the endophlrcum beneath, giving to trees the rough 

 broken surface which they often present The mesophlsum and 

 epiphheuin are occasionally thrown off from the same cause aa the epi- 

 dermis. The under layers grow rapidly, and the union between tlirm 

 and the upper layers being maintained by no organic matter, the latter 

 is thrown off This takes place in the Plane (Platanui), in which large 

 masses of the epiphlsourn are constantly flaking 08*. New cellular layers 

 in this case are formed below, and it is supposed that this process ex- 

 plain* the reason of the tolerance which the planes exhibit of a London 

 atmosphere. In other trees the function of the bark is interfered with 

 by the particles of carbon and perhaps gases affecting the function of 

 the bark, whilst the plane, constantly renewing the outer layers of 

 its bark, is not liable to this interruption. Whether this explanation 

 be the true one or not, it is certainly very remarkable, that of all trees 

 the plane nourishes best in the squares of the metropolis. 



The Endophlirum, or Liber, is the inner layer of the bark, and con- 

 Hists of woody fibre as well as cells, that is, of vascular as well as 

 cellular tissue. The vascular tissue grows here in the form of bundles, 

 as it does in the wood itself. Its fibrous character is made manifest 

 during the growth of many trees. In the vine it is thrown off with 

 the layers above it by the growth of the wood underneath. In the 

 Lace-Bark Tree (Lagetta Linlearia), the growth of the wood beneath 

 the bark causes such an arrangement of the fibres that they are separated 

 from one another, but making junctions where they cross, they form 

 a natural kind of net-work, which has been employed aa a substitute 

 for artificial net-work in the construction of ornamental clothing. 

 The liber of the bark of plants is much lees dense than the wood ; 

 hence, where pliable materials are required, it is often made use of, as 

 in the construction of mats from the bark of a species of Tilia, and the 

 use of the bark of various trees in different parts of the world as a 

 substitute for cordage. 



The bark is nourixhed in the same manner as the wood of the tree, 

 by sap carried into the stem from the roots below. The cellular and 

 vascular tissue of which it is composed, as long as they live, are 

 capable of producing new cells, by which a new and increasing growth 

 is ever supplied. 



(Schleiden, Principle! of Scientific Butarfy ; Lindley, Introduction to 

 Botany ; Half our, Manual of Botany.) 



BARLE'RIA, a genus of plants belonging to the natural order 

 Acanthaceir, and characterised by the spiny processes of its bracts, 

 the large size of the upper and lower sepals, and its funnel-shaped 

 corolla, which U often so twisted that the upper segment becomes 

 lowest The species are natives of various ports of the East Indies. 

 A few of them have been introduced to our gardens, of which Sarlerin 

 lupuliaa, with its large bracts resembling hops, and B. Prionitit, a com- 

 mon swamp-plant in Java, are the most remarkable. They all require 

 to be cultivated in a hot-house, and are propagated readily by cuttingx. 



BARLEY. [HORDEUM.] 



BAROLITE, a synonym of Wttherite, the native carbonate of Barytas. 

 r. \ i -, ;- 



BATIOMETZ, a singular vegetable production, of which, under the 

 name of Scythian Lamb, many fabulous stories are told. It was said, 

 among other things, to be part animal, part vegetable, and to have the 

 power of devouring all other plants in it* vicinity. It is in reality 

 nothing but the prostrate hairy stem of a fern called Atpidium Baro- 

 TM!:, which, from ito procumbent position ami shaggy appearance, 

 looks something like a crouching animal, just as the hairy tawny end 

 of the Trichtmuna C'anariauii looks like a hare's foot, whence ito 

 English name of Hare's Foot Fern. [AsriDtUM.] 



BARREN FLOWKKS. in Botany, are either those which bear only 

 stamens without a pistil, r which have neither stamens nor 

 Flowers of the former description are very common : those of the 

 latter kind are chiefly found in Grasses and Sedges, where they often 

 consist of nothing more than a deformed scale. 



BARRIS, a name given on the coast of Guinea to two very different 

 animals, the Chimpanzee or African Ape (Pithecu* Trogtodyta), and 

 the Mandrill (Cynoce]thalui Mormon), a large and formidable species of 

 baboon. fAi'K ; BABOON ; CHIMPANZEE.] 



BARSO WITE, a mineral occurring in massive and in granular dis- 

 tinct concretions. Ito colour is snow-white ; fracture splintery or 

 imperfectly foliated ; hardness 5'5 ; lustre of the compact varieties 

 dull ; of the granular, feebly pearly ; translucent on the edges. The 



specific gravity i- 'J'Tt'i. It occurs at Baraowskoj, in the I' ml Moun- 

 tains. It hai the following compo.-r 



Sili.-i 49-08 



Alumina 



I.iuic i 



li UiTsiA (In hono.ir of John Bartoch, M.I)., a friend of Liniueus), 

 a genus of plants belonging to the natural order No,,/,/, ulariamr. It 

 has a bell-shaped 4-fid calyx, a tubular ringent corolla, a pointed many- 

 seeded capsule, the seeds compressed at the hiluin, with winged ribs 

 on the back. There is but one Britixh species, the li. aljiina, which 

 has ovate, opposite, bluntly-serrate, slightly-clasping leaves. It is a 

 rare plant, and only found in alpine pastures. The B, Odontitet of 

 Smith'* ' Kni;lish ram' is now referred to the genus AV/jAnut'o, as 

 K. Odontila. [KfPHRASiA.] B. alpina is found in subalpino region* 

 throughout Europe. 



B. miurima has a branched stem, opposite lower leaves, alternate 

 superior ones, oblong, bluntly and coarsely toothed ; lower lip of 

 corolla longer than the upper one, segments of the lower lip olituse, 

 equal in size. It fs a native of Candia, and attains a In 

 and a half or two feet B. Trirago is a native of the south of Europe 

 and Asia. B. acuminata is found in America. B. rucosa of Smith is 

 now Trirago vucota. It has opposite leaves, the upper ones alternate, 

 ovate-lanceolate, sessile, acutely serrate. The genus Trirago differs 

 from Ilarltia in it* seeds being slightly angular, very minutely crenate- 

 ribbed, with a basal liilum. Babington and Koch both adopt the genus 

 '. but the latter refers B. vucota of Smith to the genus Euphnuia. 



(Don, Gardener' t Dictionary ; Koch, Flora Germanica ; Babington, 

 Manual.) 



BARYTES, or BARYTA, the Oxide of Barium. The Oxide of 

 Barium is found in the earth in combination with acids, principally 

 the sulphuric and carbonic. 



Native Sulphate of Baryta, known by the name of Heavy Spar, also 

 Hepatite and Bologna Spar, presents itself in various forms, as crystal- 

 line, fibrous, saccharoid, compact, and earthy. The crystals are usually 

 tabular, in modified rhombic and rectangular . prisms. Ito degree of 

 hardness is from 3 to 3'5, and the specific gravity from 4 '3 to 47. 

 Some varieties are fetid when rubbed. It is composed of sulphuric 

 acid 34, and barytes 66. It decrepitates before the blowpipe, and 

 fuses with difficulty. It is distinguished by its heavy specific gravity 

 from Cdettine and A rragonite, and from the various carbonates by not 

 effervescing with acids. //"</ Xjiar is often associated with the ores 

 of other metals. 



This substance is much used in the arts. It is ground up and used 

 as white paint, and also for adulterating white lead. Mixed with 

 equal parts of white lead, it is sometimes called Venice White; and 

 another variety, with twice its weight of barytes, is called Hamburgh 

 White ; and another, one-third white lead, is called Dutch White. The 

 barytes in these mixtures seems to prevent the white lead from being 

 tarnished by sulphuretted hydrogen, and they are then-fore preferred 

 for some kinds of painting. The variety called /M'/;/n ."'/"'< is highly 

 phosphorescent after calcination. Alln>iniri>liit<- is a synonym of 

 Heary Spar. Cavk is a massive variety. Dreelite is a sulphate of 

 barytes and lime. 



Native Carbonate of Baryta, ]\'itln ritr. Barolite, is remarkable f. .1- it n 

 high specific gravity, being 4'3. It is prismatic, and occurs generally 

 in 6-sided prisms, or modified rhombic prisms, very imperfectly 

 cleavable. It is also found in globular botryoidal shapes, showing a 

 prismatic structure. It is brittle, and decrepitates before the blow- 

 pipe, fusing easily into a transparent globule, which becomes opaque on 

 cooling. It effervesces with nitric acid, and is composed of barytes, 

 77'ii, and carbonic acid, 2'2'4. It is found chiefly at Alston Moor in 

 Cumberland, and Anglezarke in \.-..\ I a]s,. in M 



\VHhrritt is a poisonous mineral, and is used for killing rat* It is 

 also employed in pyrotechuy for making the nitrate which gives a 

 yellow colour, and it is used as a water-colour. Baryto-Caltite and 

 Bromlite are varie- nier from Alston Moor in Cumberland, 



the latter from Bromley HilL They consist of the carbonate of lime 

 and baryta. Sulphato-Oarbonate of Baryta is a variety containing the 

 sulphate of barytes. 



MM B/ Miiicrahii/i/.) 



BAHYT'M'AI ii.vRTTES.] 



BARYTd-CKl.KSTINK. a sulphate of Barytes and Strontia. 

 [STRONTIA.] 



BARYTO-STRONTIANITE, a carbonate of Barytes and Strontia. 



[SlRONTIAj 



BASALT, a hard dark-coloured rock of igneous origin. The 

 chemical composition is variable, aa appears from different analyses, 

 two of which, by Beudant and Phillips, are as follows : 



Silica . 



Alumina . 



Linn 1 



Magnesia . 



Soda 



Potash 



t'xidc of Iron . 



Oxide of Manganese 



RruiUnt. 



llmuliru. 



69-5 



11-5 



1-8 



0-0 



6-9 



1-6 



20-2 



0-0 



Phillip*. 

 Saxony. 



1675 

 9-SO 



Ma 



2-60 



HUM 



20-00 

 0-12 



Difference. 



16-00 



6-25 

 8-20 

 2-25 



1-60 



0-20 

 Ml 



