



BLADDKR. 



BLATTID.K. 



:< i 



the apex w at the urethra. The spaco thus marked out is donomi- 

 nated the trigone veaicale ; it i paler than the rest of the internal 

 surface of the bladder, in possessed of peculiar sensibility, and in 

 amiHith in the eoutracUxl an well <ui in the distended condition of the 

 bladder. 



The two prominent linen which furm the ride* of the trigone 

 vosicale, according to Sir C. Bell, are distinct muscles, the muscles of 

 the ureter*. They have their fixed point or origin at that prominence 

 or tubercle existing at the inferior surface of the urethra, which has 

 been already deacribed an formed by the middle lobe of the prostate, 

 their insertion or moreable point being at the opening of the ureters. 

 Their use is to assist in the contractions of the bladder, to support 

 anil close the mouths of the uretera, and to preserve the obliquity of 

 them canal.' by drawing them down during the contractions of the 

 bladder. The tubercle whence theae muscles are supposed to take 

 their origin is termed the luette or uvula vesica; ; but these terms 

 are more particularly applicable to it when enlarged and diseased. It 

 then f TIMS a prominent tumour at the orifice of the urethra, acts 

 the part of a valve, and becomes a troublesome cause of retention of 

 urine. 



The arteries of the bladder are derived from the internal iliac and 

 ita branches; its veins empty themselves into the internal iliac vein ; 



these vessels ore most abun- 

 dant abnnt its neck and bus 

 fond. The lymphatics fol- 

 low the course of these ves- 

 sels. The nerves are of two 

 kinds, the one derived from 

 the sacral plexus of the 

 cerebro-spinal system, 

 nerves of animal life ; 

 other derived from 

 hypogastric plexus of 

 sympathetic, the nerves of 

 organic life. 



The direction of the blad- 

 der is oblique, being inclined 

 somewhat forwards and up- 

 wan Is. In proportion to 

 the degree of distension the 

 obliquity is increased, in 

 consequence of the neck 

 being fixcd . U u retained 



in its position by two lateral 

 l igaments one on eac i, H jj o 



r rt rr lig r nt; 



the lateral ligaments are 



the 

 the 

 the 

 the 



* / 9 



Fig. 2. Side view of the Bladder of an 



adult male. 

 a, Pubes ; i, sacrum ; c, recti muscles 



j. umbra; * * A, peritoneum, c . 



fleeted from rectum upon bladder, thence upon prolongations of the fascia 

 the recti muscles. iliaco, which passing down 



into the pelvis assumes the 



name of fascia pelvica, and becomes identified with the prostate gland 

 and side of the bladder. The anterior ligament is double, and itisformed 

 by the fascia transversalis, which passing down behind the symphysis 

 pubis is reflected upon the upper surface of the prostate gland ; from 

 the point of reflection two strong fasciculi of fibres pans to the anterior 

 surface of the bladder. These ligaments ore sometimes called the 

 proper ligaments of the bladder to distinguish them from certain folds 

 of the peritomcum, sometimes called false ligaments. -As the bladder 

 ii peculiarly interesting in a surgical point of view, anatomists have 

 endeavoured to describe it precisely, and with this view they have 

 divided it into six regions or surfaces an anterior, a posterior, two 

 lateral, a superior, and an inferior. 



The anterior surface, in the collapsed state of the organ, lies behind 

 the symphysis puhis, with which it is connected by loose cellular 

 tissue; when distended, the bladder rises, and its anterior surface 

 comes in relation, or in contact, with the recti muscles of the abdomen. 

 The posterior surface is covered by the peritonaeum, which in the 

 male is reflected upon it from the rectum, in the female from the 

 uterus and vagina ; it is then reflected from the sides of the bladder 

 to the iliac fossa ; at the points of reflection it forms folds, one on 

 each side and two posteriorly ; them have been improperly described 

 as ligaments, for instead of confining the bladder they serve rather as 

 provisions to facilitate its expansion. 



The lateral regions are partially covered by the peritonteum ; running 

 along them we find the umbilical arteries, or their remains, in both 

 sexes, and the vasa dufcrentia in thu male. The superior region, or 

 fundiiH, is partially covered by the peritoneum, which is reflected 

 thrnce on to the inner surface of the recti muscles ; it has a film MIS 

 cord attached to it termed the urachus, which Ii. < between the 

 peritonteum and the recti muscles, and being accompanied by the 

 remain* of the umbilical arteries extends to the umliiliciix, where it 

 becomes identified with the abdominal aponcuroscs. This fibrous cord 

 appears to be useful in retaining the bladder in iU situation, for HIM r 

 in tli, human subject, except in certain cases of malformation, v. hi. h 

 an- very rare, does it present the form of a canal, such as it ix found 

 to be in the young of certain qiiadmpid-. in which it is the medium 

 f communication between the bladder ami a bag, or sac termed the 

 nlUntoi.l. 



The secretion of the urine u performed by the kidneys [KinxKv] ; 

 it is constantly going on, and does not exhibit those alternations of 

 action and repose observable in the other secretions. 



The urine, being accreUxl, drihbleti along the ureters, and its 

 descent is probably aided by the contractility of these tubes and the 

 impulse of the neighbouring arteries. It drops into the bladder and 

 gradually distends it, but it in prevented from regurgitating 

 into the ureters in consequence of these tubes taking an oblique 

 course between the muscular and mucous coats before they perforate 

 the latter. As the urine accumulates, these tubes are more and more. 

 compressed, and the obstacle to regurgitation is increased ; but the 

 column of urine descending along the ureters, being higher than 

 that contained in the bladder, is not prevented from entering 

 into it 



When a sufficient quantity of urine is accumulated in the bladder, 

 varying according to the degree of irritability of the organ, a general 

 uneasy sensation is produced, and a more particular one referred to 

 the trigone vesicale : the diaphragm and abdominal muscles are called 

 into action, the resistance of the neck of the bladder is overcome nln- 

 sphincter, if we admit its existence, relaxes), the muscular fibres of 

 the bladder contract, and are able without further assistance to 

 evacuate every drop of its contents. 



Ul.Al>l)Ki;<-.\-|rni i.Y. 



BLADDKH CKKKN. [Hii.vMsfs.] 



BLADDEH-NUT. [BuniUUL] 



BLADDER-SENNA. [COLOTEA.] 



BLAI >l i Kit WORT. [UTWCHLAKIA.] 



BLAKEA, a genus of plants belonging to the natural order 

 Mchutomacetr, named by Dr. Patrick Browne in honour of Martin 

 Blake. The species are trees or shrubs with large showy red 11 

 The calyx is girded with from four to six broad scales ; the corolla 

 with six petals ; the fruit a G-celled berry, crowned with the calyx. 

 The leaves have from three to five nerves. Ji. quinquaurvii, Aublet, 

 Ii. triplinerrii, Linmcus, is a native of Brazil, Guyana, and Tri- 

 nidad. It produces a large yellow berry, which is eaten in the 

 countries where it grows. B. parantica is a native of Guyana and 

 Marauhom, having red flowers. It is a climbing shrubby plant, rooting 

 itself in other trees. It yields a colouring matter employed for dyeing 

 red. , 



BLAPS (Fabricius), a genus of Insects belonging to the order 

 Colfoptera,of the section Ileteromtra, and family Milatomn (Latreillc). 

 The principal generic characters are : Antenna; with the two basal 

 joints short, their breadth equalling their length ; the third joint long, 

 exceeding that of the two following together ; the three following 

 joints are longer than broad ; the remaining joints nearly round, 

 excepting the terminal one, which is round at the base and acuminated 

 towards its extremity; maxillary palpi with the terminal joint 

 flattened, and when viewed from above or below somewhat 

 hatchet-shaped ; thorax broad, sides rounded, posterior margin 

 straight : abdomen oblong-ovate, excelling the thorax in width : elytra 

 generally soldered together, incurved so as to embrace the sides of the 

 abdomen, more or less acuminated towards the apex, and prolonged to 

 a point at the apex. 



The species of this genus are tolerably abundant, and frequent 

 dark damp situations, such as the caverns in rocks, Ac. In this 



country there are only two will- 

 authenticated species, Jilapt obtuia 

 and It. miirtitaya ; the latter is very 

 common in our kitchens and cellars 



m M (in company with the cockroach) ; 



t^^^^Mk tli. former is much less abundant, 



It i- occasionally found with B. 



".'/" 



Moth species are of an obscure 

 black colour, and about three- 

 quarters of an inch in length. As Ji. 

 mortuaya is a well-known common 

 species, we will merely mention 

 the characters, distinguishing the 

 ' from it. The first striking 

 difference is the superior breadth in 

 B.obtiua; the antenna; are shorter, 

 the fourth, fifth, and sixth joints are 



a, Illapt okluta, rather above the Bcarccly longer than broad (while 

 n.tur.l .lie; 6, in antenna of tbc in jf , mortitar/l , their length is nearly 



double the 'breadth) : thu th,,,.,x 



has its hinder angles rounded (in mortitaga they arc acute) : the legs 

 are much shorter in proportion, and the elytra are distinctly puncti in d. 

 Baker relates that he kept a Darkling Beetle (B. mortitaya) three 

 years without food. 



(Kirby and Speiice, Introduction to Entomolutjy.) 

 BLA'TTID^:, a family of Insects of the order Orthoptera 

 Distinguishing characters : tarsi 5-jointed, the under wings folded 

 longitudinally only, head hidden by the thorax; body oval or rounded, 

 and depressed; antenna; long and thread-like, and composed of a 

 great number of very minute joints ; palpi long ; thorax large, slightly 

 convex, generally brooder than long, and as it were a shield, covering 

 the head and base of the wing-cases, hi<-h hitter are of a purchim nt- 



