BOTANY. 



BOTANY. 



leaf, the calyx, * combination of several, th corolla a union of nevcral 

 more in a coloured state, the stamens contracted and coloured leaven 

 with their parenchyma in a state of disintegration, and the pistil 

 another arrangement of leave* rolled up and combined according to 

 certain invariable laws. 



Although at first Guthe's views were disregarded, they were gradu- 

 ally adopted, and formed the basis of inquiries in that department of 

 botany called the Morphology of Plants. To no one U the science 

 of Botany nirv imM>tf.|. from hi-* early Adoption of the generalisation 

 >f <J'the, than Robert Brown. In his ' Prodromus of the Flora of 

 New Holland,' and in n multitude of papers in the ' Philosophical' and 

 4 Linwran Trwuactions/ he proved not only the truth of Oiithe's 

 law but practically demonstrated its importance. It was never with 

 him a theory, as it was with its discoverer, but a great generalisation 

 which every new fact in the vegetable kingdom served to confirm. 

 Nor did he apply it to the superficial facts of the structure of plants, 

 but working with the microscope he applied it to the development of 

 the tiiwues of plants, and in every deportment of 1 Kit any has made it to 

 bear most abundant fruit With the name of Brown in the modern 



history of botany we must also associate the name of another English- 

 man I>r. Linillry. who. by his extensive knowledge of vegetable 

 strn. -turns bin indefatigable industry, and power of generalisation, has 

 contributed very largely to the perfection of the present classification 

 of plants, as well as to the diffusion of sound general views on tho 



1 subject of botany and iU practical applications. To !> Candolle also 

 in recent times the progress of botany is deeply indebted, more espe- 

 cially for his laborious * Prodromus of the Vegetable Kingdom,' in 

 which not only are the orders described, but the genera ana Rj 

 We can only add that in recent times the science of Botany has been 

 indebted to the labours of the following amongst other observers : 

 Schlfidt-n, Richard, Brogniart, Tulasne, Unger, Kndliclu-r, Schacht, 

 Von Mohl f Bischofl', Treviranus, Lehmanu, Suminski, Hnilm.-i-t.T. Sir 

 W. J. Hooker, J. D. Hooker, Henfrey, Bentham, Walker Arnott, 



! Wright, Wallich, Royle, Balfour, Babington, Leighton, Mirrx, .1. .1. 

 Bennett, T. Thomson, Asa Gray, Hennlow, Berkeley. 



In order to facilitate the study of Botany by the aid of this work, 

 we give the following Glossary of the terms employed when describing 

 the parts of plants. 



A GLOSSARY OF THE TECHNICAL TERMS MOST COMMONLY EMPLOYED IN* BOTANY. 



At*t>rmal, contrary to frencral rules. 



AeeiimkcHt, lyinjr against anything, in 

 distinction to lying upon ; as the 

 cotyledonaof some cniciferou* plants. 



Acerote, stiff and slender and sharp- 

 pointed, as the leaves of a pine-tree. 



Achenium, a small, bard, one-seeded 

 fruit, resembling a seed. 



Acicnlatf, needle-shaped. 



Aeinaciform, scymi tar-shaped. 



Acinu*, a bunch of succulent berries ; 

 a* of grapes. 



Aeroftn, a plant which grow* at its 

 end only, without increasing In 

 diameter ; as ferns, and all flowcr- 

 Iros plant*. 



Aculeate, covered with prickles. 



Aeuleu*, a prickle. 



AcnmiHote, tapering to the point, but 

 flat. 



Adnate, (Trowing to anything by the 

 whole length. 



Adrentitious, appearing accidentally. 



.J-jtiration, the arrangement of the 

 parts of the flower before they expand. 



Alahattrus, a flower-bud. 



A Ibumen, a substance interposed in 

 some seeds between the embryo and 

 the seed coats. 



Albttrnum, the young wood; sap-wood. 



Amentum, a catkin ; the male inflo- 

 rescence of the hazel, &c. 



Amplcsieaul, clamping a stem. 



Anastomosing, the growing together 

 of two parts which meet from 

 different directions. 



Andmn*, a Greek termination expres- 

 sive of the male sex. 



Anfractuous, doubled abruptly in 

 several different directions. 



Anyiocarpftus, baring seeds inclosed in 

 a pericarp. 



AnmotiiuHu, a year old. 



Anthrr, the cn*e containing pollen. 



ApefatoHs, having no petals. 



Apiculiite, abruptly pointed. 



Apocarpous, where the carpels arc dis- 

 tinct from each other. 



Apopkysis, the enlarged bane of the 

 thrca of some mo**e*. 



Aprtttierium, the nhicUl, or maw of re- 

 productive matter of a lichen. 



Appfhdieulate, having some kind of 

 appendage*. 



Araeknoid, resembling a spider's web. 



Ar&late, divided into little space*. 



Aril, a peculiar wrapper of Mime seeds ; 

 aa the mace of the nutmeg. 



Arista, the beard or awn of grasses. 



A*ri, the canes in which the spores of 

 lichens are inclowd. 



AtriJium, a hollow leaf looking like a 

 water vessel ; u the pitcher of 

 Nepenthe*. 



Attenuated, gradually tapering to a 

 point without becoming flat. 



A'uirulntr, having two lobes (like ears) 

 at the hue. 



AtrH. See Aritftt. 



Astl, the mrute angle formed by the 



junction of the leaf, &c., to its 



axis. 

 Axillary, growing in an axil. 



Axl* t the root and stem eltber taken 

 together or separately. 



Baccate, fruit covered with soft flesh. 



Barbate, covered with long hairs re- 

 sembling a beard. 



Beard, a tuft of long hairs. 



Jtirottjugatf, in two pairs, placed side 

 by aide. 



Bidentate, having two teeth. 



B'farioits, arranged in two row. 



IHjfid, divided into two shallow lobes. 



Bifoliate, having two leaflets. 



Bifurcate, twice forked. 



Byuffous, in two pairs, placed end to end. 



Jlinate, growing in paint. 



Bipartite, divided into two deep lobes. 



Bipinnate, twice pinnate. 



Jii.ierrate, twice serrate. 



Bracftiate, when branches stand nearly 

 at right angles to the stem from 

 which they proceed* 



Bract, the leaf or leaflet from the axil 

 of which a flower grows. 



Bulk, a scaly, underground bud. 



Jiulbatubfr, a short, roundish, under- 

 ground stem resembling a bulb. 



Caducous, falling off sooner or later. 

 Ctrsiotu, of a bluish-gray colour. 

 Ctfspitose, growing in tufts. 

 Oalear t a spur or horn ; as In the 



nasturtium. 



Calcaratf, having a spur or horn. 

 Calyculatf, having a whorl of bracts 



on the outside of a calyx, or of an 



involucre. 



Calyptra, the hood of a moss. 

 Calyx, the external envelope of a 



flower. 

 Cambium, a viscid secretion formed in 



the spring between the bark and 



wood of Exogens. 

 Campanulatf, bell-shaped. 

 Canaliculate, channeled. 

 Cancellate, a lenf which has veins 



without connecting parenchyma. 

 Capitate, growing in a bead. 

 (\ipit ul urn, a collection of flowers in a 



head. 



Capsule, any dry many-seeded fruit. 

 Carinate, having n kind of keel. 

 Cttrnose, fleshy. 

 Carpel, one of the parts of a compound 



pistil ; a single leaf rolled up into 



one of the integers of a pistil. 

 Cnr uncut ate, tt seed having fungous 



excrescences growing near its hilum. 

 ''jry/iiu, a dry one-seeded fruit re. ' 



sembling a seed, but with no dls- i 



tinction between the seed-coat and ; 



pericarp. 



Caudate, prolonged into a sort of tall. I 

 Catiline, of or tiolonging to the stem. 

 Cernuous t diooptng. 

 Chatazo, a spot on a seed indicating 



the place nhcn- the nucleus in united 



tn the seminal inti-truim-nt*. 

 tainted, fringed with hairs like an 



r rrl;th. 



<t, ash-rolonrcd. 

 fit dnate, rolled inwards from the point 



to the base. 



Cireumscistile, dividing into two parts 

 by a spontaneous transverse separa- 

 tion. 



Cirrhous, terminating in a tendril. 



Clarnte, club. shaped. 



Clatr, the stalk of a petal. 



Clypeate, resembling a round buckler. 



Cocfileate, resembling the bowl of a 

 spoon. 



Collum, the point where the stem and 

 root are combined. 



Culumella, a central part of the fruit of 

 a moss, round which the spores are 

 deposited. 



Column, the combination of stamens 

 and style In Orchideous and other 

 plants. 



Comose, having hairs at one or both 

 ends, if speaking of seeds ; being 

 terminated by coloured empty 

 bracts, if applied to inflorescences. 



Gnuittplicatt, doubled together. 



Confluent, growing together so thnt the 

 line of junction is lost to the eight. 



Conjugate, growing in pairs. 



Cvnnate, growing together so that the 

 line of junction remains perceptible. 



Connective, the fleshy part that com- 

 bines the two lobes of an anther. 



Gmnirent, converging, as the anther 

 of A potato bloasom. 



Conoidal, approaching a conical form. 



Continuous, proceeding from something 

 else without apparent interruption. 



Contorted, twisted in such a way that 

 all the parts have a similar direc- 

 tion, as the segments of the flower 

 of on Oleander. 



Cunrolute, rolled top-ether, 



Corrttlum, the rudimentary axis which 

 connects the cotyledons of the 

 embryo. 



Cwdatc, heart-shaped. 



Coriaceous, of n Icathtry texture. 



C'trninx, a solid, roundish, underground 

 stem ; as In Crocus. 



QtrufQM, of a horny texture. 



C.H itirnltit*, hhuped like a slender horn. 



Corolla, the second of the two enve- 

 lopes that surround the stamens and, 

 pistil. 



Curona, a combination of fertile and 

 barren stamens into a disk ; as in 

 Ha. 



Oorymboite, when the branches sur- 

 rounding a common axis are shortest 

 at the top and lonpc^t at the bottom, 

 so as to form a level-topped whole. 



rw<i, the midrib of a leaf. 



Cotyledons, the leaves of the embryo. 



f'rntri-iform, shaped like a poblet. 



Crenellrd or C, mated, having rounded 

 notches at the edges. 



Created, having some unusual and 

 striking appendage arising from the 

 middle. 



Crtiriatf, when four pruts arc so ar- 

 ranged as to rcncmUc the arms of n 

 Maltese cross. 



Ctttmllate, hooded, rolled inwards so at 

 to conceal anything: lying within. 



Culm, the straw of gta-i-. 



Cmteatf, wedge-shaped. 



Cuptile, the cup of the acorn, the husk 

 of the filbert, chestnut, &c. ; a pecu- 

 liar combination of bn. 



Ctttpidate, abruptly rounded off with a 

 projecting point in the middle. 



Cuticle, the external skin. 



Cyathiform, cup-shapcd, more eon- 

 trnctedat theoriflcethan crnteriform. 



Cifinbifurm, having the form of a boat. 



C 'yme, im i n florescence having a 

 corymbow form, but consisting of 

 repeatedly-branched divisions. 



Cymoxc, resembling a cyme in appear. 



Dccandrou*, having 10 stamens. 

 Deciduous, falling off. 

 Itcclinatc, cur veil downwards. 

 Decumbent, lying prostrate, but rising 



again. 

 Ih current, produced downwards, as 



the base of a leaf down the stem. 

 Decussate, crossing at right angles. 

 Dehi\crncf t the act of opening of anther 



or fruit. 

 Deltoid, having the form of a triangle 



or Greek A. 



Dendroidal, resembling a small tree. 

 Dentate, with fharp-pointcd notches 



and intermediate curves instead of 



re-entering angles. 

 Depauperated, imperfectly developed ; 



looking as if ill-formed from want 



of sufficient nutriment. 

 Depressed, flattened ftom point to base. 

 Diadetphotu, having the stamens in 



two parcels. 



Diandrous, having two stamens. 

 l/irtn>tomoia, repeatedly divided into 



two branches. 



Dicotyledonous, having two cotyledons. 

 Didt/narnous, having two pairs of 



stamens of unequal length. 

 Didt/tnoti*, growing in pairs, or twins ; 



only applied to solids and not to flat 



Mil Taces. 

 Diyitare, fingered, diverging from a 



common ccntie, as the flngcts from 



the palm. 

 J>i militate, half-formed, or halved, or 



r-plit into halves. 



", having stamens on one 



plant and pistil* on another. 



.. having two wingm. 

 liivrt,iilnt, with the cent ml pnrt of a 



n-it iKxly differently coloured or 



mnrked from the margin. 

 Dwi, a fleshy circle interposed between 



the Ktamens nnd pi-til-. 

 I)i.\*ri>iiurnt* t the vertical partitions of 



a compound fruit. 

 DiftichouM, nrrnngetl in two rows. 

 Jtrt'itirntiiift, diverging at an obtuse 



aftti 



/-/, having 12 stamens. 

 /Wd to if'ii in, hatrhrt-^lmpfd. 

 Jinifie, Mich a fruit n* the prarh, con- 



sistingof n stem surroundi-d hy Jlohy 



or fibrous matter. 

 /'."..'*. spiral vcKsels that will not 



unroll. 



Dum"se, having a compart hiishy form. 

 Duramen, the heart-wood of timber. 



