BOTANY. 



BOTANY. 



6CO 



Echinate, covered with bard sharp 



points. 

 Elaters, little spirally-twisted hygro- 



mctrical threads that disperse the 



spores of Jungermannias. 

 Elementary organs, the minute parts 



of which the texture of plants is 



composed. 

 Emarginatc, having a notch at the 



point. 

 Embryo, the rudimentary plant before 



germination commences. 

 Endocarp, the hard lining of some 



pericarps. 

 Endogen, a plant which increases in 



diameter by addition to its centre ; 



as a pahn-tree. 



Enneandrous, haying 9 stamens. 

 Ensiform, having the form of a straight 



and narrow sword-blade. 

 Epicarp, the external layer of the 



pericarp. 

 Epidermis, the skin of a plant, in the 



language of some writers; the cor- 

 tical integument according to others. 

 Epigynous, growing upon the top of 



the ovary, or seeming to do so. 

 Equ'ttant, when leaves are so arranged 



that the base of each is inclosed 



within the opposite base of that 



which is next below it ; as in Iris. 

 Estivation. See sEstiration. 

 Exogen, a plant which increases in 



diameter by the addition of new 



wood to the outside of the old wood ; 



as an oak-tree. 



Farinaceous, mealy. 



Fasdated, banded. 



Fasiculnted, collected In clusters. 



Fastigiatf, when the branches of any 



plant are pressed close to the main 



stem ; as in the Lombardy poplar. 

 Filament, the stalk of the anther. 

 Filiform, slender and round like a 



thread. 

 Fistttlar, tubular but closed at each 



end ; as the leaf of an onion. 

 FlabelUform, fan-shaped. 

 Flagelliform, resembling the thong of 



a whip. 



Flexuose, wavy. 

 Floccost, covered with little irregular 



patches of woolliness. 

 Floret, a little flower. 

 Flnscule, ditto. 



Foliacfous, having the colour and tex- 

 ture of a common green leaf. 

 Foliation, the arrangement of young 



leaves within the leaf-bud. 

 Follicle, a simple fruit opening by its 



ventral suture only. 

 Foramen, the passage through the 



integuments of an ovule by which 



impregnating matter is Introduced 



into the nucleus. 

 For ilia, the fertilising principle of 



pollen. 



Frond\ the leaf of a fern or of a palm. 

 fruit, the full-grown ripened pi-ail. 

 fugacious, lastirfg but a short time. 

 Fungoid, resembling a fungus; thnt 



is, irregular in form and fleshy in 



texture. 

 Funiculus, the stalk by which some 



seeds arc attached to the placenta, 

 Fustfvrm, spindle-shaped, thickest in 



the middle, and tapering to each end. 



Galbulus, a small eone whose scales are 



all consolidated into a fleshy ball ; as 



in Juniper. 



Galca, the upper Hpof a labiate flower. 

 Geniculate, knee-jointed, when a stem 



bends suddenly in its middle, 

 iff, prominent, projecting. 

 ('t't'inttts, having no haira. 

 Gladiate, the same as cnsiform, but 



broader and shorter. 

 Gland, 1, the fruit of the oak, the 



hazel, &c. ; 2, an elevation of the 



cuticle which usually secretes either 



acrid or resinous matter. 

 Glandular, covered with glands of the 



second kind. 

 Glaucous, covered with bloom like a 



plum. 



Glochidate, covered with hairs which 

 are rigid and hooked at their point. 



Glume, one of the bracts of grasses. 



Gymnospei'mous, having seeds which 

 ripen without being inclosed in a 

 pericarp. 



Gynobase, an elevated part of the grow- 

 ing point of a flower-bud, rising 

 between the carpels and throwing 

 them into an oblique position. 



Gyrate, same as Circinate. Also, sur- 

 rounded by an elastic ring ; as the 

 theca of ferns. 



Hastate, having the form of a halbcrt- 

 licad ; that is, with a lance-shaped 

 centre crossed at the base by two 

 lobes of a similar form standing at 

 right angles with the centre. 



Helmet, the hooded upper lip of some 

 flowers. 



Ileptiiitdrous, having 7 stamens. 



Ilcxandrous, having 6 stamens. 



Uilum, the scar left upon a seed when 

 it is separated from the placenta. 



Hirsute, covered with harsh long hairs. 



Uymenium, the gills of a mushroom ; 

 that part in Fungi where the spores 

 are placed. 



//y/></<T<//c7-/ArjH, salver-shaped ; having 

 a cylindrical tube and a flat border 

 spreading away from it. 



Hynogynous, arising from immediately 

 below the pistil. 



Icasandrous, having 20 or more peri- 

 gynous stamen*. 



Imbricated, overlapping, as tiles over- 

 lie each other on the roof of a 

 house. 



Incumbent, lying upon anything. 



Indehitcent, not opening when ripe. 



I ml u plicate, doubled inwards. 



Indusium, the membrane that overlies 

 the sori of ferns. 



Inferior, is said of a calyx when it does 

 not adhere to the ovary ; is eaid of 

 an ovaty when it does adhere to the 

 calyx. 



Inflorescence, the collection of flowers 

 upon a plant. 



Infundibuliform, shaped like a funnel. 



Innate, growing upon anything by one 

 end. 



Innovations, the young shoots of mosses. 



Intercellular, that which lies between 

 the cells or elementary bladders of 

 plants. 



Internode, the space between two nodes. 



Interrupted, when variations in con- 

 tinuity, size, or development alter- 

 nately occur in parts which are some- 

 times uniform ; as when pinnated 

 leaves have the alternate leaflets 

 much the smallest, and when dense 

 spikes are here and there broken by 

 the extension of interned?*. 



Involucre, a collection of bracts placed 

 In a whorl on the outside a calyx or 

 flower-head. 



Involute, rolled inwards. 



Labellum, one segment of a corolla, 



which is lower than the others, and 



often pendulous. 

 Labiate, divided into an upper and a 



lower lip ; as the corolla of dead 



nettle. 

 Lacunose, having numerous large deep 



depressions or excavations on its 



surface. 



Lamina, the blade of a leaf. 

 Lanceolate, shaped like a !nnce-hcad ; 



that is, oval, tapering to both extre- 

 mities. 

 Lateral, originating from the side of 



anything, 



Latex, the vital fluid of vegetation. 

 Lax, not compact or dense. 

 Leaflet, a division of a compound leaf, 

 Legume, a kind of fruit like the pod of 



a pea. 

 Lenticular, small, depressed, and 



doubly convex. 

 fspidotf, covered with a sort of scur- 



lii.i --. 

 Leprous, the same. 



Liber, the newly-formed inner bark of 

 Exogens. 



Ligula, a membranous expansion from 

 the top of the petiole in grasses. 



Limb, the blade or expanded part of a 

 petal. 



Linear, very narrow, with the two 

 sides nearly parallel. 



Lip, same as Labellum. 



Loculicidal, when the carpels of a com- 

 pound fruit dehisce in such a way 

 that the cells arc broken through at 

 their back. 



Locusta, the spikelet, or collection of 

 florets of a grass. 



Lament um, a legume which is inter- 

 rupted between the seeds, so as to 

 separate into numerous transverse 

 portions. 



Lunate, formed like a crescent. 



Manicate, when hairs are interwoven 

 into a mass that can be easily sepa- 

 rated from the surface, 



Marginal, of or belonging to the edge 

 of anything. 



Medullary, of or belonging to the pith. 



Micropyle, a small passage through the 

 seed, called the foramen when speak- 

 ing of the ovule. See Foramen. 



JJitrifiirm, conical, hollow, open at the 

 base, and cither entire there or irre- 

 gularly cut. 



Monadelphous, with the stamens united 

 into one parcel. 



3fonandrous t with one stamen only. 



Moniliform, shaped like a necklace. 



Monopt-talous, with several petals united 

 into one body by their edges. 



Miicronate, tipped by a haul point. 



Multif.d, divided into many shallow 

 lobes. 



Multipartite, divided into many deep 

 lobes. 



Muricated, covered with short, broad, 

 sharp-pointed tubercles. 



Muriform, resembling the bricks in the 

 wall of a house. 



Xaricitlar, shaped like a very small 



boat. 



Xectary, any organ that secretes honey. 

 Nerves, the stronger veins of a leaf. 

 Xode, the part of a stem from which a 



normal leaf-bud arises. 

 yormal, according to general rules. 

 Nucleus, the central part of an ovule, 



or a seed. 

 jYwcute, a small hard seed-like pericarp. 



Oblique, larger on one side than on the 



other. 

 Ochrca, two stipules united round the 



stem into a kind of sheath. 

 Octandrous, having 8 stamens. 

 Operculum, the lid of the thcca of a 



moss. 

 Ovary, the hollow part of a pistil con. 



taining the ovules. 

 Ocatf, having the figure of an eg?. 

 Ocule, a rudimentary seed. 



Palate, the lower surface of the throat 

 of a labiate corolla. 



Palea, either the inner bracts of the 

 inflorescence of a grass, or the bracts 

 upon the receptacle of the flower- 

 hcad of a Composite. 



Paleaceous, covered with paloce. 



Palmate, the same as Digitate, only the 

 divisions more shallow and broader. 



Pandurifnrm, oblong, narrowing to- 

 wards the base, and contracted be- 

 low the middle. 



Panicle, a compound raceme ; a loose 

 kind of inflorescence. 



Papilionaceous, a flower consisting of 

 standard, wings, and keel, like that 

 of a pea, 



Pappus, the calyx of a Composita ; as 

 of a dandelion. 



Parenchyma, the pulp that connects the 

 veins of leaves. 



f'ut'irlaf, growing from the lining of 

 anything. 



Pectinate, divided into long, close, nar- 

 row teeth like a comb. 



Pcdulc, palmate, with the lateral seg- 

 ments lengthened and lobed. 



Pedicel, one of a great many ped- 

 uncles. 



Peduncle, a flower-stalk. 



Peltate, attached within the margin. 



Pentandrous, having 5 stamens. 



Pet-foliate, surrounding a stem by the 

 base, which grows together where 

 the margins touch. 



Perianth, a collection of floral enve- 

 lopes, among which the calyx cannot 

 be distinguished from the corolla, 

 though both are present. 



Pericarp, the shell of a fruit of any 

 kind. 



PCI u'htctiiim, the leaves at the base of 

 the stalk of the fruit of a moss. 



Pcrigone, same as Perianth. 



Pcrigynous, growing from the sides of 

 a calyx. 



Perisperm, game as Albumen, 



Peristomc, a curious set of processes 

 surrounding the orifice of the theca 

 of a moss. 



Peronate, laid thickly over with a woolly 

 substance ending in a sort of meal. 



Personate, labiate, with the palate of 

 the lower lip pressing against the 

 upper lip. 



Petal, one of the parts of a corolla. 



Petaloid, resembling a petal in colour 

 and texture. 



Petiolar, of or belonging to the petiole. 



7WiWr, the stalk of a leaf. 



Phyllodium, a petiole transformed into 

 a flat leaf-like bcdy. 



Pilfits, the cap of a mushroom. 



Pilose, covered with short fine hairs. 



J'thiititt', divided into n number of p;iii s 

 of leaflets ; bipinnafc, each leaflet is 

 also pinnate ; tripintiate, each se- 

 condary leaflet pinnated also. 



Pinnatifid, divided in a pinnated man- 

 ner nearly down to the midrib. 



Pistil, the combination of ovary, style, 

 and Ktigma. 



Pith, the central column of cellular 

 tissue in an Kxogen. 



Placenta, the part of the ovary to which 

 the ovules are attached. 



Plane, quite flat. 



Plumule, the rudiment of a stem in the 

 embryo. 



Pollen, the powder contained in an 

 anther. 



Pollen-Tubes, the membranous tubes 

 emitted by pollen after they fall on 

 the stigma. 



Polyadelphous, when the stamens are 

 combined into more than two par- 

 eels. 



Pvluandroiis, when there are more than 

 20 hypogynous stamens. 



Polypetahus, when the petals are all 

 distinct. 



Pome, a fruit like that of the apple, 

 pear, &c. 



Prtpfloration t same as Estivation. 



Prickle, same as Aculeus. 



rrtmine, the external integument of 

 the ovule. 



Pseudobulb, the solid above - gi ound 

 tuber of some Orchidete. 



Pubescent, covered with very flue soft 

 down. 



Pulverulent, covered with a powdery 

 appearance. 



Put amen, same as Endocarp. 



Pyriforiti, shaped like a pear. 



Quartine, the innermost integument 



but one of the ovule. 

 Quinate, combined in fives. 

 Quhitine, the innermost integument of 



the ovule. 



Raceme, an inflorescence like that of 

 the currant. 



Itachis, the axis of inflorescence. 



Jittdical, arising from the root. 



]:<t<iiclc, the rudimentary root in the 

 embryo. 



Xamcnta, soft, ragged, chaff-like hairs 

 growing upon the petiole of ferns. 



Itaphe, the line of communication be- 

 tween the hilum and chalaza. 



