i. H8 



nor- 



the assertion tht the red-bot U more iujuriouii than the com- 

 mon bot. 



A third species, the (Kttrut lumorrkoiddu, or Fundament I 

 better known. The fly is considerably nnmllcr than the oomuion 

 l}'jtr*t </"' It u of brown colour, with the extremity of the body 

 rounded and yellow, and the mouth u furnished with exceedingly 

 sharp pincers. Thin fly may be seen darting between the thighs of 

 the hone and around its croup, and following the motion* of the tail 

 until the animal U preparing to tlnng. During the evacuation of the 

 dung, and the subsequent protrusion of the intestine, it darts upon 

 and tear* the gut with it* pincen, and deposit* an egg in every 

 wound. The hone does not seem to suffer any pain during this 

 operation, for he stands passive ; and the little worm, soon produced 

 from the egg, establishes iU abode in the place in which it was 

 deposited. It likewise remains its stated time in the intestine, and 

 escapes at the same time that the common bot does from the 

 tfrrni-"*' These bots are often seen within the verge of the anus, and 

 occasionally Mem to be productive of a slight degree of irritation. 

 They are smaller than the common bot, and distinguished from the 

 red-Dot by their colour. An injection of linseed-oil will generally 

 dislodge them. 



The IKttrtu Orit, or Gad-Fly of the Sheep, is a more formidable 

 insect It is smaller than the (Ettriu of the Horse : its body is of a 

 dark-brown colour, spotted with white, the white sometimes so much 

 prevailing as to give a grayish hue to the fly. It may often be seen in 

 copses, and particularly on rails in the neighbourhood of a copse. 

 Every shepherd ought to make himself acquainted with it, for it may 

 then be easily crushed and destroyed. It prevails most in June and 

 July, and is sometimes an intolerable nuisance in woody countries. 

 If only one of them appears the whole flock is struck with terror ; 

 and if there is any place in the field devoid of pasture the sheep 

 crowd to it, turning their heads towards the centre of the group, 

 with their muzzles to the sand, and their feet in continual motion in 

 order to secure themselves from the attack of their foe. The (Kt'riu 

 endeavours to get at the inner margin of the nostril, and, darting 

 upon it with the quickness of lightning, deposits her egg. The warmth 

 and moisture of the part speedily hatch it, and the little worm 

 It crawls up the nostril, it threads all the sinuosities of the 



passage, and finds its way to some of the sinuses connected with the 

 The irritation which it occasions as it travels up the nose 



seems to be exceedingly great. The poor animal gallops furiously 

 about, snorting violently, and almost maddened by the annoyance. 

 At length the worm reaches some of the convolutions of the turbi- 

 nated bonea of -the nose, or the antrum or cavity of the upper jaw, 

 or the frontal sinuses ; it fastens itself on the membrane by the two 

 hooks with which, like the others, it is provided, and there it remains 

 until April or May in the succeeding year. 



There are seldom more than three or four of these bots in each 

 sheep ; and when they have reached their appointed home, like the 

 bots in the stomach of the horse, they are harmless. Some strange 

 but groundless stories have been told of gleet from the nose, 

 giddine.is, and inflammation of the brain having been produced by them. 

 The larva or bot remains in the sinus until it has fully grown. It 

 then detaches itself from the membrane, creeps out the same way by 

 which it entered, and again sadly annoys the animal for a little while, 

 the sheep making the most violent efforts to sneeze it out At length 

 the grub being dropped, burrows in the earth, becomes an oval and 

 motionless chrysalis, and six weeks or two months afterwards it 

 breaks from its prison a perfect fly. The work of propagation being 

 effected the male, like that of the (i'ttriu AV/iti, die* ; the female 

 lingers on a little while until she has safely deposited her ova. She 

 takes no food, for she has no organs to receive or disgest it She 

 accomplishes her task and expires. 



The (Kt'riu Bora, or God-Fly of the Ox, is larger than cither of the 

 others. Its chest is dark-brown with a yellow patch on the back, 

 and the rounded abdomen has alternate nngs of a brown and orange 

 colour. The fatty and cellular substance beneath the skin of the ox 

 is the residence of its larva. The fly almost uniformly selects a 

 young beast in good condition, and, alighting on the back a little on 

 one side of the spine, it puncture* the skin and drops one of its eggs 

 into the perforation, and with it probably some acrid fluid which 

 causes temporary but intense pain. The ox darts away, and runs 

 bellowing over the field with his head protruded and his tail extended. 

 His companions smarting from the same pain or dreading a similar 

 . attack also gallop wildly in every direction, hastening if it be in their 

 power to some pond or stream where their enemy in afraid to follow 

 tli. -in. A small tumour a warble presently appears on the back, 

 which being carefully examined is found to contain a little white 

 worm. This worm grows and assumes a darker colour, and Incomes 

 perfect bot ; and tier,- it remains abundantly nourished by the fatty 

 matter around it until the following June, when it begins to eat its 

 way through the wall of its cell Many a bird aware from the uneasi 

 ness of the beast of what is going forward is ready to seixe tip l-.i 

 as it is forcing itself through the aperture which it lias mode, and the 

 cattle too instinctively crowd to the water in order that the intruder 

 may fall into the stream and thus be lost In one of these way.* the 

 great majority of the larvte perish, but a few reach the ground 

 speedily burrow into it, pass through their chrysalis state, am 



reappear in August in their hut and perfect form. They also imme- 

 diately set to work to secure the perpetuation of their species, 



egardless of the annoyance to the animals within whose frame they 



iud a refuge. 



1 , The female of the (Eitrtu Eqvi nearly double I ti natural lize ; 2, the 

 eggs, also magnified, deposited on and adhering to the hair ; S, the boU, one- 

 half of their natural size, adhering by their tentacula, or booked mouth*, to 

 the cuticular portion of the stomach. . Some of them are supposed to be recently 

 detached, and the excavations which tbey bad made in the cuticular coat arc 

 seen ; 4, the full-grown bot detached ; 5, the (JCitriu Ota, or Gad-Fly of the 

 Sheep. 



The farmer does not pay the attention which he ought to these 

 warbles. It is true that the cattle when the tumour has once formed 

 do not appear to suffer any inconvenience from its existence, and the 

 farmer is accustomed to associate with the appearance of a few 

 warbles the certainty of the thriving condition of the beasts ; but he 

 forgets the pain and terror which the animal has already suffered and 

 that which it has yet to undergo, and he also forgctathedeterior.it ion 

 of the hide. The hole made by the bot in its escape will apparently 

 close, but not until after a considerable period has elapsed, and never 

 with a substance so firm and durable as the first It is easy to destroy 

 the creature in its cell. The pressure of the finger and thumb will 

 effect it, and while the beast will escape considerable annoyance the 

 hide will not be damaged. 



The goat and the different species of deer, and in fact almost all 

 animals, have their peculiar tormentors, but the distinctions and habits 

 of these varieties of the (Kttrtu are not well known. 



BOTTLE-GOURD. [LAOENARIA.] 



BOTTLE-HEAD. [DELFHINI *.] 



BOTTLE-TIT. [PABUS.] 



BOULANGERITi:, a native Sulphuret of Lead and Antimony. It 

 occurs massive. The colour is bluish-gray. The fracture exhibits a 

 crystalline structure. The lustre is metallic. S].. , .V'.'T. 



It is found at Molieres in France and at Nertschinsk. The analysis 

 of the ore from Molieres by Boulanger gives the following : 



Lead 63.9 



Antimony . 25'5 



Sulphur 18-5 



Iron 1-2 



Copper 0'9 



100.0 



BOULDER-FORMATION, in Geology, a title which hn, 

 introduced to supplant that of Diluvial Deposits. Till is an equivalent 

 term employed in Scotland. By various writers these accumulations 

 ore ranked in the ill-defined class of Pleistocene Deposit*. 



BOULDEKS. Of the materials of which mi|)crficial deposits of tho 

 debris of ancient rocka are composed some are of large size, and have 

 been called Boulders or Erratic Blocks. The ]>ortions of small 

 ore called GraveL Boulders arc generally found not far from the 

 rocks from which they have been broken, whil.it gravel i- 

 great distance. Instances however ,-u< not wanting in which I.. 

 have been transported an immense distance. They have been 

 ported from Norway and Sweden to the plains of Germany, and from 

 the mountains of Scotland and Cumberland to tho centre and 

 ..mil. So largo are some of these boulders, and the ob 



such as intervening hills, valleys, and seas so great, that tin- i 1. ,,f 



their transportation can bo accounted for in no other way tlnn by 

 ing that they have been floated across them in masses of ice, 

 whii h as they have melted have dropped them in the places where 

 they are now found when tln.-e places were at the bottom of a sea. 

 The largest boulders seem to have drifted in all cases from northern 

 and southern points towards tho warmer districts in the temperate 

 and tropical parts of the earth. 



BOUNCE, a name given to tho large spotted Dog-Fish (i'. 

 Cuvicr). [ScVLLluu.] 



