BRAMBLE. 



BRANCH lOVOnA. 





far as the jaw*. The fleah of this finh U mid to have an exquisite 

 flavour. (Yarrell, BriliA Fitkrt.) 



BRAMBLE, the wil.l Im.h that bean blackberries, belonging to the 

 natural order Romcnt. [Rrni's,] 



BRAMBLINO. [KBISHIU.A.] 



BRANCHIO'PODA, the first order of the division Entomottraca 

 (ENTOXOSTRACA). of th* clasg Crtutafea. [CncsTACKA.] Dr. Baird, in 

 hi* ' Natural History of the British Entouioetraca,' thus characterise* 

 it : Mouth furnished with organs fitted for mastication ; bronchia; 

 many, attached to the feet ; body sometimes naked, but most fre- 

 quently having an envelope in form of a buckler, in some inclosing 

 only the head and thorax, in others the whole body ; feet vary in 

 number, all branchiferous ; antenna: two- or four-jointed and generally 

 ciliated ; eyes sometimes two, or even three, but frequently only one, 

 or so closely approximated as to appear single. They are all free and 

 unattached, swimming at large in water. This division of the Ento- 

 motirtica includes some of the commonest forms, such as those known 

 under the name of Afonocultu and the various species of Daphnia, 

 the water-fleas of popular writers. The following is the arrangement 

 of this order by Latrcillc, which comprehends the Lophyropoda of 

 Baird and others : 



Section I. 

 Lophyropoda. 



Feet never more than six, the articulations more or less cylindrical 

 or conical, and never entirely lamellifonu or folioceous. The branchiae 

 are not numerous ; and there is but one eye. Many have the mandibles 

 furnished with a palpus or feeler, and though M. Straus attributes this 

 organisation exclusively to the genera Cypri* and Cytherina, which 

 compose his order of Ottrapoda, the elder Jurine and M. Ramdhor 

 ha~ve shown that it is also characteristic of Cyclopt. The antennas are 

 almost always four in number, and serve for locomotion. Three 

 groups are arranged under this section. 

 Carcinoitla. 



Shell more or less ovoid, not folded so as to convey the idea of a 

 bivalve, but leaving the lower part of the body uncovered. The 

 antenna; never in the form of ramified arms. Feet ten, more or less, 

 cylindrical or setaceous. Females carrying their eggs in two external 

 bags situated at the base of their tail Some of this division have two 

 eyes, but the genus Cyclopt has but one. 



a. Two Eyes. 



Shell entirely covering the thorax. Eyes large and distinct 

 Antenna; intermediate, terminated by two bristle-like appendages. 



Under this subdivision Latreille places the genera Zoea, Bosc ; 

 fiebalia, Leach ; and Candylura, Latreille. 



In the genus Zoea we have an interesting example of the necessity 

 of observing animals not only in one stage but through the whole 

 period of their existence. The Zota pelagica of Bosc, and the other 

 species of the same genus, are now known to be transitionory con- 

 ditions of the higher forms of Cruttacca. We are indebted to Mr. V. 

 Thompson of Cork for first having shewn this with regard to Zoea. He 

 observed that the members of Zoea, from being natatory and cleft, 

 became simple and adapted to crawling only. The animal, when 

 perfected, was found to be a crab. To complete his proof of meta- 

 morphosis among the Crtutacea, he states that he succeeded in hatching 

 the eggs of the common Crab (Cancer pagurut), the young of which 

 were found to be similar in form to Zoea Taunu; and he thence 

 concluded that the cpustaceous decapods generally undergo metamor- 

 phose*, being in the first state of their existence essentially natatory ; 

 and the greater number of them becoming afterwards in their perfect 

 state incapable of swimming, being then furnished with chela) (pincers), 

 and with feet almost solely adapted for crawling. Mr. Thompson 

 states that with regard to brochyurous decapods (crabs, Ac.) he has 

 ascertained the newly-hatched animal to be a Zoea in the following 

 genera : Cancer, Carcinut, Portunut, Eryphia, Gegar- 

 et'fliu. Thrlpkuta, Pinnothfrtt, Inachut eight in all ; 

 and that in ihc.Vaeroura (lobsters, &c.) he has ascer- 

 tained that the following seven genera are subject 

 to metamorphosis : Pagurut, Porcdlana, Galathea, 

 Crangon, PaUemon, Jfomariu, Aitacnt. The an- 

 nexed figure of Zoea clarala (Leach), taken by 

 Mr. Cranch in the unfortunate expedition to the Zoea d 

 Congo under Captain Tuckey in 1816, will give some idea of the 

 general form of Zoea. 



As an example of this division of Latreille we may give the Xrnatia 

 bipet, which includes the two species A', glalira and ff. ciliala of 

 Lamarck. This creature has an ovate body of a pale yellow colour, 

 with a darker longitudinal line along each side ; antenna; long, the 

 inferior pair as long as the body, and setiferous ; beak of carapace 

 sharp-pointed and moveable ; four pairs of natatorial feet of moderate 

 length, and setiferous ; caudal appendages rather long, and furnished 

 at the extremity with one long slender seta and three or four short 

 seta;, not plumose. This species is a native of the sea, and has been 

 found on the coast of Devonshire, on the coast of Ireland, and the 

 Shetland Isles. 



3. One Eye. 

 Thorax divided into many segments. The anterior, and much the 



urgent segment, presents a tingle eye only, placed in the middle of 

 .he front between the superior antenna;. Cyclopt (Mullert, which has 

 >een so well illustrated by the acute observations of the elder Jurine 

 and of Ramdohr, is the only genus of this subdivision. 



The body of the species of Cyclopt U more or less approaching to 

 oval, soft or rather gelatinous, and is divided into two portions, the 

 one anterior, consisting of the head and thorax, the other posterior, 

 forming what is commonly called the tail The segment immediately 

 preceding the sexual organs, and which in the females carries two 

 mpporting appendages in the form of little feet (fulcra, Jurine), may 

 :w considered as the first segment of the tail, which is not always 

 very clearly defined or strongly distinguished from the thorax, and 

 consists of six segments or joints, the second of which in the males is 

 provided on its lower side with two articulated appendages of varied 

 Form, sometimes simple, sometimes having a small division at the 

 internal edge, and constituting entirely or in part the organs of 

 generation. In the other sex the female organ is placed upon the 

 same joint The last segment terminates in two points forming a 

 fork, and more or less bordered with delicate beards or ]>enniform 

 fringes. The anterior portion of the body is divided into four segu 

 of which the first and by far the largest includes the head and a 

 portion of the thorax, which are thus covered by one scale common to 

 both. Here arc situated the eye, four antenna;, two mandibles (internal 

 mandibles of Jurine) furnished with a feeler (which is either simple 

 or divided into two articulated branches), two jaws (the external 

 mandibles, or lip with little beards, of Jurine), and four feet, divided 

 each into two cylindrical stems, fringed with hairs or bearded. The 

 anterior pair representing the second pair of jaws differ a little fnuu 

 the succeeding pair, and are compared by Jurine to a kind of hand. 

 Each of the three succeeding segments serves as the point of attach- 

 ment to a pair of feet The two superior antennas are longest, 

 setaceous, simple, and formed of a great number of small articulations. 

 They facilitate by their action the motion of the body, and perform 

 very nearly the office of feet The lower antenna; (antennules of 

 Jurine) are filiform, consisting most frequently of not more than four 

 joints, and are sometimes simple, sometimes forked. By their rapid 

 motion they produce a small eddy in the water. In the male.- tin' 

 upper antenna;, or one of them only, as in Cyclopt Cattor, are con- 

 tracted in part*, and exhibit a swelling portion which is followed by a 

 hinge joint. By means of these organs, or of one of them, the males seize 

 either the hind feet or the end of the tail of their females during the 

 season of fecundation, and are thus often found attached. On each side 

 of the tail of the females is an oval bag filled with eggs (external ovary 

 of Jurine), adhering by a very fine pedicle to the second segment, near its 

 junction with the third, and where the orifice of the deferent egg-canal 

 may be seen. The pellicle which forms these bags is only a continua- 

 tion of that of the internal ovary. The number of contained eggs 

 increases with age. They are at first brown or obscure, but afterwards 

 present a reddish tinge and become nearly transparent, without how- 

 ever increasing in size when the young are about to come forth. When 

 isolated or detached, up to a certain period at least, the germ perishes. 

 A single fecundation suffices for successive generations, and the same 

 female can lay eggs ten times in the course of three months, so that 

 the number of births amounts to something enormous. Thus, taking 

 eight impositions and allowing forty eggs for each, it has been i nlc-u 

 latedthat one female Cyclopt may be the progenitress of four thousand 

 five hundred millions. The time the foitus remains in the ovary varies 

 from two to ten days, the variation depending on the temperature of 

 the seasons and on other circumstances. 



The young at their birth have only four feet, and their body is 

 rounded and tailless. In this state they ore the genus Amt/mone of 

 Miillfr. Some time afterwards (in about fifteen days in the months of 

 February or March) they acquire another pair of feet ; they are then 

 the genus ffaupliut of the same author. After their first moult they 

 assume the form and all the part* which characterise the adult 

 but with smaller proportions : their antenna; and feet, for example, are 

 comparatively short At the end of two more moults they are fit for 

 the reproduction of the species. The greater part of them- 

 motlraca swim upon their backs, darting about with vivacity, and 

 possessing the power of moving either backwards or forwards. Thi'ir 

 food generally consists of animal matter in preference to vegetable ; 

 but in the absence of the former they feed upon substances of the 

 latter description, and it is said that the fluid in which they livo IK-V.T 



enters their stomachs. The alimentary canal extends from 



extremity of the body to the other. The heart (taking Cyclopt Cattor 

 as the subject) is of a shape approaching to oval, and situated innm 

 diately under the second and third segment of the body. I 

 the extremities of this organ gives off a vessel, the one going to tin- 

 head, the other to the tail. Immediately below is another analogous 

 organ, giving off also at each end a vessel supposed to represent the 

 bronchiocardiac canals observable in the circulation of the Decopodous 

 Cruttacca. 



The genus Cyclopt is an inhabitant of the fresh waters ; and we 

 select the Common Cyclops, Cyclopt vulgaru, Leach; Ko*oc*ba 

 /ux'/riV-ornt*, Linn.; Cyclopt quadricornix, Miillrr ; Monocle h Queue 

 Fourchuc, Geoffrey, as an example of the species. 



The body of the Common Cyclops has a somewhat swollen ;i|. pen- 

 ance, and is formed of four rings, and prolonged to about one-third of 



