79 



WDJ 



BUFOMTKS. 



delicate. In cold oountrie* the external scales an often covered with 

 hair, or a resinous rarnioh, or m>me other contrivance, which enables 

 them to prerent the access of frost to the young and tender centre 

 which they protect ; but in warm countries, where such a provision is 

 not required, they are green and smooth and much Us* numerous. 

 The cellular centre of a bud a the Mat of it* vital activity ; the scales 

 that cover it are the part* towanU tin- development of whirli its 

 vital energies are first directed. 



A Leaf-Bud usually originates in the axil of a leaf; indeed there 

 are no leaven in the axil of whioh one or more buds are not found 

 either in a rudimentary or a perfect state. Its cellular centre com- 

 tnunicatee with that of the woody centre of the stem, and its scale* 

 are in connectiou with the bark of the latter. When steins have the 

 structure of Exogens, the bud terminates one of the medullary 

 proteases ; in Endogens it is simply in communication with tin' 

 cellular matter that lies between the bundles of woody tissue in such 

 items. It is moreover important to observe that this is true not 

 only of what are called normal buds, that is to say, of buds which 

 originate in the axil of the leafy organs, but also of adventitious buds, 

 or such as are occasionally developed in unusual situations. It would 

 seem at if, under favourable circumstances, buds may be formed 

 wherever the cellular tissue is present ; for they occur not only at 

 the end of the medullary processes of the root and stem of Exogens, 

 but on the margins of leaves, as in Bryopkytlum, ifalaj-it paludqsa, 

 and many others ; and occasionally on the surface of leaves, as in the 

 case of an Ornithogalum published by Turpin, and not very uncom- 

 monly in ferns. 



A Leaf -Bud has three special properties, those of growth, attraction. 

 and propagation. In warm damp weather, under the influence of 

 light, it has the power of increasing in size, of developing new parts, 

 and so of growing into whatever body it may be eventually destined 

 for. In effecting this it lengthens by the addition of new matter to 

 its cellular extremity, and it increased in diameter partly by a lateral 

 addition to the same kind of tissue, and partly by the deposit of 

 woody matter emanating from the bases of the scales or leaves which 

 clothe it. As soon as growth commences the sap which a bud con- 

 tains is either expended in forming new tissue or lost by evaporation. 

 In order to provide for such loss the bud attracts the sap from that 

 part of the stem with which it is in communication ; that part so 

 acted upon attracts sap in its turn from the tissue next it, and so a 

 general movement towards the buds is established as far as the roots, 

 by which fresh sap is absorbed from the soil. Thus is caused the 

 phenomenon of the flow of the sap. Every leaf-bud is in itself a 

 complete body, consisting of a vital centre covered by nutritive organs 

 or hairs. Although it is usually called into life while attached to its 

 parent plant, yet it is capable of growing as a separate portion, and of 

 producing a new individual in all respects the same as that from 

 which it was divided ; hence it is a propagating organ as much as a 

 seed, although not of the same kind ; and advantage has been taken 

 of this for horticultural purposes. [BUDDING, in ARTS AND Sc. Div.] 



In general a bud is developed into a branch, but that power is inter- 

 fered with or destroyed by several causes. This must be evident from 

 the following consideration independently of all others. Every one 

 knows that leaves are arranged with great symmetry upon young 

 branches ; as buds are axillary to leaves, the branches they produce 

 ought therefore to be as symmetrically arranged as leaves ; and this 

 we see does not happen. We may account for this in two' or three 

 ways : accidental injuries will doubtless destroy some ; from want of 

 light others will never be called into action ; and of those which are 

 originally excited to growth a part is always destroyed by the superior 

 vigour of neighbouring buds, which attract away their food and starve 

 them. There is moreover in many plants a special tendency to pro- 

 duce their leaf-buds in a stunted or altered state. In fir-trees the side- 

 buds push forth only two or a small number of leaves, and never 

 lengthen at all ; in the Cedar of Lebanon they lengthen a little, bear 

 a cluster of leaves at their points, and resemble short spurs ; in the 

 aloe, the whitethorn, and many other plants, they lengthen more, 

 produce no leaves except at their very base, and grow Into hard 

 sharp-pointed spines. The knobs seen on beech and other trees, which 

 have been called by Dutrochet embryo-buds and by Dr. Lankester 

 abortive branches, take their origin in buds which are not normally 

 developed. The btilbilli which ore found in the axils of many Lili.-i- 

 ceous plants originate in the bud. Bulbs are nothing but leaf-buds 

 with unusually fleshy scales, and with the power of separating spon- 

 taneously from the mother-plant ; and flower-buds are theoretically 

 little more than leaf-buds without the power of lengthening, but with 

 the organs that cover them in a special state. Hence flowers are 

 modified branches. {KI.UWKH.] Kchlciden regards the orule'aa a 

 changed bud; hence in his 'Principles of Scientific Botany' h> 

 this organ the seed-bud. [Ovui.K.] 



BUDDLEA, a genus of plants named after Adam Buddie, a botanist 

 of the tune of Ray,' who contributed to Ray's 'Synopsis,' and whose 

 Herbarium is now in the British Museum. Jluifil/ea belongs to the 

 natural order Scropkulariacca;. It has a campanulate 5-toothod calyx ; 

 tubular corolla with the limb 4-5-cleft, equal, spreading ; 4-5 stamens 

 nearly equal, inclosed, the anthers composed of two parallel distinct 

 cells ; the stigma clavate, 2-lobed ; the capsule crustaceous with n 

 dissepiment formed from the indexed edges of the valves, inserted in 



the thick spongy placenta ; the weds angular; testa loose, m. 

 nous; albumen fleshy. The species are shrubs, with mostly quad- 

 rangular branches, opposite leave*; t.-nniiml, capitate, apical.- ,, r 

 panicled, usually orange-coloured flowers. 



B. gtobota has branches clothed with hairy tomentum as well as the 

 under side* of the leaves ; the leaves lanceolate, acuminate, petiolate, 

 crenate ; the heads terminal, globose, pedunculate. This plan- 

 no common in our gardens, is a native of Cliili. 



R. Americana has branchlets clothed with hairy tomentum ; leave* 

 ovate, acuminate, narrow at the base, crenate, rather pilose abo\ 

 clothed with a yellowish tomentum beneath ; spike pauicled ; II 

 glomerate. It is a native of the ui.mut.. i and also of tin- 



West Indies. Browne says that it is used in Jamaica as an emollient. 

 Its properties however are not active. 



There are about 60 species Mil ,.f whii-h Mr.' worth cul- 



tivating on account of their showy blossoms. B. Neeinda, a native of 

 the peninsula of India, is said to be one of the most beautiful plants 

 of that country. B. globoa will bear, with a little care, our winters 

 as well an the B. talvifolia. All the flowers are sweet-scented. They 

 grow best in a light rich soil Cuttings will strike readily in mould 

 under a hand-glass. Those of the stove species require heat. 



(Loud M. /',-. iilnptedia of Plant*; O. Don, Gardener'i Dictionary.) 



BUFFALO. [BOVID.B.] 



IH'lTAI.n, AMKIilCAN. [Bison.] 



BUFFO'NIA, a genus of plants named in honour of Buffon, the 

 celebrated French writer on natural history. This, ngs to 



the natural order Caryophyllacece and the sub-order Altinett. The 

 calyx has 4 sepals; the petals are 4, entire; stamens I 

 capsules compressed, 1-celled, li-vahcd, 2-seeded. The specie* are 

 insignificant Blender herbs, resembling the species of Arrnaria. 

 /!. n H ii ua is a native of the south of France, and is said to have been 

 found in England on the sea-coast of Lincoln-' 



BUFO, a genus of Reptiles belonging to the family KIJ 

 to which the Common Toad belongs. The genus is thus character- 

 ised : Body inflated ; skin warty ; parotids porous ; hind i 

 moderate length, toes not webbed ; jaws without teeth ; nose n . 

 About 20 species of this genus have been enumerated by naturalists. 

 Two of them are found in the British Islands. 



B. rulyaris, the Common Toad, is the liana Bufo of Linnaeus, the 

 Crapaud Commun of the French. Its body is of a lurid brownish- 

 gray colour, spotted over with reddish-brown tubercles : the body is 

 much inflated. The Toad is very generally distributed ovi 

 British Islands, and from its dark colour, slow m. i\ n units, ami unpre- 

 possessing form, has acquired very general dislike. I; 

 perfectly harmless, and seems to possess an amount of iutcll 

 that renders it capable of recognising those who treat it kindly. Mr. 

 Bell iu his 'British Reptiles' says: "That toads may 1 

 very tame, and be made to distinguish those who feed and are kind 

 to them, there are abundant facts to testify. I have possessed a very 

 large one which would sit on one of my hands and eat from the ot her ; 

 and the story of Mr. Arecott's toad in Devonshire, relate.) in I'.-n- 

 nant's ' British Zoology,' is too well known to need repel it i.m." That 

 they may be handled with impunity, and are incapable of pm.i 

 any injurious influence, we know from having repeatedly seen 

 made the domestic pets of the children of a naturalist. 



B. eiil'iinitii, Natter-Jack, Walking Toad, liunning Toad; 

 Rubeta of Fleming, Bufo //n/.///V/<',i of Shaw, Kami Ruticla of Tin-ton. 

 It in known by its light yellowish-brown colour clouded with dull 

 olive, but more especially by a bright yellow line M)..U- the middle, of 

 the back. It has acquired its name of Walking Toad or Kuimini,' 

 Toad in certain parts, from its never hopping, as is the ca- 

 the common toad and frog. Ita colour varies very much according 

 to circumstances, becoming lighter or darker in the course o! 

 minutes. 



IVnnant was the first to record this animal as British, and although 

 vrrv locallydistrilmted it occurs in great numbers in some parts of Great 

 Britain. Mr. Bell says it is common on Blackhuath and at I icpif.ird. It 

 has also been found on Putney Common, at Gaudiniray in Cambridge- 

 shire, at Selbourue in Hampshire, and Bawdscy in Still. .Ik. It 1, 

 been found in Scotland. The form and appearance of this animal is 

 less repulsive than the Common Toad. It is more social, and i 

 rally found in communities. At Buwdsey they are found on tl 

 Crag dill- overlooking the sea, and when alarm. . I hide themselves in 

 holes in the sand which they make apparently for the purpose of con- 

 nt The Natter-Jack appears to be an inhabitant of Inland. 

 Mr. Patterson in his 'Zoology for Schools' says: "The Common 

 Toad is then- unknown, its absence being accounted 

 popular tradition and song, by the malediction of St. Patrick. The 

 -mailer upe, -i. -.-., the Natter Jack, does not appear however to have 

 been banished with the rest of ' the varmint,' as it i* found in three 

 or four localities in the County Kerry and at How ]i:.\. c..univ 

 Cork." 



For an account of the general structure, habits, ami classification 

 of the family of Toads, see AWIM 



3UFONITBS, the term commonly applied, previously to the 

 investigations of M. Agassiz, to the roundish teeth of fishes frequent 

 in the Oolitic Strata. They belong to the genera S/./Mrodiu, &//, 

 I'ycnwliu, Ac. 



