BUG. 



EULIMUS. 



BUG, one of a numerous tribe of Insects which constitute the order 

 Hemiptera, belonging to the family Cimicidce (Leach), and genus 

 Cimex. The most common species is the 0. lectvarvus, the Bed-Bug. 



It has been said that the Bed-Bug was not known in England 

 previous to the great fire of London in 1666, and that it was first 

 imported from America in the timber brought over to rebuild that 

 city. Of the accuracy of this statement however there is considerable 

 doubt. It appears to have been well known in various parts of 

 Europe long before that time. Its shape, colour, and the offensive 

 smell which it emits when touched, together with the circumstance 

 of its deriving its nutriment from blood sucked through a long pointed 

 proboscis, which when not in use lies parallel with the underside of the 

 body, are circumstances too well known to need particular description. 

 The female Bug deposits her eggs in the beginning of summer ; they 

 are of a tolerable size compared with that of the insect, of a whitish 

 colour, and each fixed to a small hair-like stalk, which when the egg 

 is first deposited is apparently of a glutinous nature, and readily 

 adheres to anything which it touches. The places generally chosen 

 in which to deposit the eggs are the crevices of bedsteads and other 

 furniture, or the walls of a room. In about three weeks it is said 

 these eggs hatch, and the young bug comes forth an active larva, very 

 closely resembling the parent insect except in size. The larva then 

 undergoes the usual transformation, and becomes a perfect insect in 

 about three months. 



What waa the natural habitat of this insect, which differs from 

 most of its tribe in having no wings, is difficult to say. The species 

 of bugs which come nearest to it in affinity are generally found under 

 the bark of trees, a habitat which the flat form of our insect is well 

 adapted for. Pigeons, swallows, &c., are attacked by bugs as well as 

 man. Various means have been proposed for destroying these insects, 

 but cleanliness is the beat. [CiMiciDJE.] 



BUGLOSS. [AXCHUSA.] 



BUGLOSS VIPERS. [ECHIUIL] 



BUHRSTONE is a quartz rock containing cellules. It is as hard 

 and as firm as a quartz crystal, and owes it peculiar value to this 

 quality, and the cellules, which give it a very rough surface. Stones 

 for grinding wheat and other kinds of grain are formed of this rock, 

 and those which are most valued have the cavities about equal in 

 space to the solid part. The best stones for this purpose come 

 from France, and are obtained from the Paris basin and adjoining 

 districts. When used for grinding, the stones are cut into wedge- 

 shaped parallelepipeds, which are called panes. These are bound 

 together by iron-hoops into millstones. The Paris Buhrstone is a 

 Tertiary Formation. A Buhrstone is obtained in Ohio in America 

 which is in part a true sandstone, and contains fossils. It also con- 

 tains lime, and Mr. Dana suggests that the removal of the lime by 

 solution may have given it its cellular character. It overlies the Coal 

 Formation, and has an open cellular structure where quarried for 

 millstones. The quartz rock of Washington in the United States is 

 in some parts cellular, and makes good millstones. Buhrstone also 

 occurs in Georgia near the Carolina line, and in Arkansas near the 

 Cove of Wichitta. (Dana, Manual of Mineral'i'/u.) 



BUKKUM-WOOD. [C^SALPINIA.] 



BULB, a bud, usually formed under ground, having very fleshy 

 scales, and capable of separating from its parent plant. Occasion- 

 ally it is produced upon the stem, as in some lilies, when it is called a 

 bulbilluH. [Buo.] Sometimes the scales are thick and narrow, and 

 arranged separately in rows ; the bulb is then called scaly, as in the lily. 

 In the onion and leek the scale* are broad and membranous, and in<-l<if 

 each other in a concentric manner ; the bulb is then said to be tunicated. 



BULI'MULUS, Leach's name for a genus of terrestrial MoUiuca, 

 which he thus defines : Shell univalve, free, conically acuminated ; 

 spire elevated, regular ; the last whorl very large ; mouth entire, 

 long ; pillar smooth, simple ; external lip thin ; internal lip inflected 

 towards the middle, with a hollow beneath. To this generic character 

 the Rev. Lansdown Guilding observes that there should be the follow- 

 ing addition : " Tentacula 4, the two upper ones 

 long, with terminal eyes : no operculum." The 

 last-named author observes that it differs from 

 Bulimia in the delicacy of its outer lip. It is 

 indeed a BMmut of Lamarck. The shell varies 

 much in colour. [BULIMCS.] 



Leach observes that liiilimnha trifruciaiut 

 (Bulimia Guadalupenii*, Brug.), a very common 

 existing West Indian species, occurs imbedded Sulimutiu trifaicialiu. 

 in the same limestone which incloses the fossil 

 human skeleton from the Grande Terre of Guadaloupe, now in the 

 British Museum. 



BULI'MUS, the name of a very extensive genus of terrestrial Pul 

 moniferous Afollutca. Lamarck arranges it under his Colimaota, a 

 family of Phytophagous or Plant- Eating Trachelipods, respiring air by 

 means of lungs, and protected by a spiral shell which is more or less 

 elongated, oval, oblong, or turriculated, with an entire aperture longer 

 than it is wide, and with a very unequal border, which is reflected in 

 the adult. The columella is smooth, without any notch or truncation 

 at the base, but with an inflexion in the middle at its point of junction 

 with that part of the peristome which it contributes to form. De 

 Blainville places it under the Limacinea, his third family of Pulmo- 



brancJiiata, whose organs of respiration are retiform, and line the cavity 

 situated obliquely from left to right upon the origin of the back of 

 the animal, communicating with the ambient air by means of a small 

 rounded orifice in the right side of the border of the mantle. Some 

 of the species were placed by Linnasus under his genera Bwtta and 

 Helix. Scopoli and Bruguieres began the reform, and Lamarck car- 

 ried it still further. But before we proceed, it may be necessary to 

 say a word as to tt*e origin of the term used to designate the genus. 

 " We constantly hear," says Broderip, in the 4th volume of the ' Zoo- 

 logical Journal,' "among conchologists the question, 'what is the 

 meaning of Bulimue ? ' The author of the article entitled ' Lamarck's 

 Genera of Shells,' in the 15th volume of the 'Journal of Science," thus 

 derives the word ' jftftft&^pat insatiable hunger : what title this genus 

 has to so strange a name we know not.' It may not then be unac- 

 ceptable to give a plain statement of the origin of the word. Swainsou 

 observe* (' Zool. Illust.,' vol. i., ' Svliaaa Uelattomut') that "the genus 

 Bulimut was long ago formed by Scopoli, out of the heterogeneous 

 mixture of shells thrown together in the Linnsoan genus Hdix." Let 

 us now turn to Scopoli'a account of the source whence he derived the 

 name. " Proprium," says Sco'poli, " itaque ex his constituo, et duce 

 celeberrimo Adansonio Bulimos voco, ut eo facilius adgnoscantur. 

 Solam testoni nee animal inhabitans vidi, quod diversum esse a Limace 

 amrmat Ad&nsoniua." (' Delieise,' &c., p. 67.) Now Adanson has no 

 such genus as Bulinuis, but he has such a genus as Bulinus. At 

 plate 1, fig. G 2, in his ' Natural History of Senegal,' will be found 

 Le Bulin, Buliiius,' but the letters 'n' and 'u' are so confusedly 

 engraven, that at first sight the word looks like Bulimus. In the text 

 (p. 5), the word is printed Bulinus very plainly ; but neither Scopoli 

 nor any of his successors appear to have noticed it. Till the time of 

 Lamarck, who confined the genus (still calling it Bulimus, after Sco- 

 poli and Bruguieres) to the land-shells with a reflected lip, which now 

 range under it, many land and fresh-water shells which have not a 

 reflected lip, such as Achatinas, Physce, Limruea 1 , and Succinete, were 

 also congregated under the name of Bulimus. The Bulinta of Adau- 

 son was a fresh-water shell, apparently a Phyia or Limruxa." 



Th shell is never orbicular, as in the Helices, but of the shape 

 noticed at the commencement of the article. The last whorl is always 

 larger than the penultimate, and indeed as a general rule may be stated 

 to be larger than all the others put together. The mouth or opening 

 is an oval oblong, and the border is disunited. The adult reflected 

 lip or border on the right side is generally very thick, but this reflec- 

 tion is sometimes absent. The animal is very like that of Hdix ; De 

 lilainville says entirely so " toute-ii-fait semblable." The head is 

 furnished with four tentacula or horns, the two largest of which are 

 terminated by the so-called eyes. There is no true operculum. The 

 geographical distribution of the genus is very general, and there is 

 scarcely a part of the world where the form does not occur. The great 

 development of it take* place in the wanner climates, where some of 

 the species are very large. 



The species are multitudinous. Mr. Curning has added largely to 

 our knowledge of those of South America, and we are indebted to that 

 gentleman for the following account of the habits of Bulimia roaaceus. 

 In the dry season he always found the animals adhering to the under 

 side of stones, generally among bushes, and close at the edge of the 

 .seanshore, within reach of the spray at times. On the hills, about 1000 

 feet above the sea, they were observed adhering between the lower 

 leaves of an aloe-like plant, on the honey of whose flowers the Giant 

 liuiniiiiiig-Kinl (Trochiliui gigag) feeds. The natives burn down clumpa 

 of these plants for the sake of the rings at the bottom of the footstalks 

 of the leaves, which they use for buoys for their fishing-nets and for 

 baking the coarse earthenware which they make on the hills, because 

 this part of the plant when ignited throws out a great heat. Between 

 these leaves the Butimi lie hi the dry season in a torpid state. In the 

 spring (the months of September and October) they burrow in the 

 shady places at the roots of this plant, and among the bushes on the 

 sea-shore. At this period (the spring) they lay their eggs in the earth, 

 about two inches below the surface. Mr. Cuining never saw them 

 crawling about. In the dry season they were evidently hybernating, 

 for their parchment-like secretion, which operates in place of an oper- 

 culum to seal tip the animal, was strongly formed, and they stuck to 

 the stones so tenaciously that Mr. Cuming broke many of them in 

 endeavouring to pull them off. Chili and the neighbouring coasts of 

 South America generally were the localities where the species was 

 taken. Captain Phillip Parker King, R.N., has the following notice of 

 the power of the animal to exist in a dormant state : " Soon after 

 the return of the expedition (his Majesty's ships Adventure and 

 Beagle ' Survey,' 1826-30), my friend Mr. Broderip, to whose inspec- 

 tion Lieutenant Graves had submitted his collection, observing symp- 

 toms of life in some of the shells of this species, took means for reviving 

 the inhabitants from their dormant state, and succeeded. After they 

 had protruded their bodies, they were placed upon some green leaves 

 (cabbage), which they fastened upon and ate greedily. These animals 

 had been in this state for seventeen or eighteen months; and five 

 mouths subsequently another was found alive in my collection, so that 

 the last has been nearly two years dormant. These shells were sent 

 to Mr. Loddige's nursery, where they lived for eight months in the 

 palm-house, when they unfortunately died within a few days of each 

 other. Soon after the shells were first deposited at Mr. Loddige's, one 



