





rng 



strongly striated longitudinally, equivalve, very inequilateral, obtuse 

 and : I. r l-.-f-Te. and attenuated or rostrated as it were behind. 

 Umbone* but little developed, though dJHtinct and a little curved 

 forward. Hinge toothless, or only having a rudiment of teeth 



under the corae- 

 let. Kxteraal 

 ligament ra- 

 ther long. Two 

 strong, distant, 

 and rounded 

 muscular im- 

 pressions. 



Example, Byt- 

 tomya pholadii, 

 am j,hnla- 

 dii of Lamarck. 

 The species 

 inhabits the 

 northern seas, 

 living in the 

 fissures of rocks 

 in company 

 with M i/til i 

 (Mussels), and 

 Dyuomya pholaiit. attached by its 



byssus ; but 



sometimes it buries itself in the sand or lodges iu small stones, the 

 roots of Fuei, and even in the polymorphous MUlepora : in the latter 

 cases, according to O. Fabricius, it is without byssus. 



Forbes and Hanlcy, in the 'History of British Molluscs,' refer 

 B. pltoladit of Bowdich and the S. pholadii of Lamarck as synonymous 

 to Kaxicara. rugota. [SAXICAVA.! 



BTSSUS, the name of a long, delicate, lustrous, and silky fasciculus 

 of filaments, by which some of the conchiferous mollusks (the Afyli- 

 lacra. Mussels, and Jfalleatta, Hammer Oysters, for example) are 

 moored to submarine rocks, Ac. This is not, us some authors have 

 stated, a secretion spun by the animal, but, according to De Blain v ill,-, 

 an assemblage of muscular fibres dried up in one part of their extent, 

 still contractile and in a living state at their origin, a condition which 

 they enjoyed throughout their whole length at the period of their 

 attachment. The tendinous foot of Byuoarca and Tritiacna seems 

 to be a step towards the organisation of a true byssus. In the great 

 Pin na of the Mediterranean this substance is well and largely deve- 

 loped, and its situation is in a fleshy sac or sheath at the base of the 

 foot, which is attached towards the middle of the abdominal mass of 

 the animal. In Italy the byssus is manufactured into various articles ; 

 ami i' .. museums without a glove or a stocking woven out 



of this subnt ini-c. Iu the Great Exhibition of 1851 a large number 

 of ait: \hiliitod manufactured from this substance, as well 



'- for making up. 



liVT'l N Klil A ' K.K, Byltneriadt, the Byttneria Tribe, a group 

 of plants by some botanists considered a distinct natural order, by 

 others i . .lucid to a section of Slerculiacea. They belong to Lindley's 

 Mulval alliai and are readily known by their petals 



being bagg. Lie, their stamens partly sterile and pctaloid, 



and their l'i h hooked ,-ipiny hair*. Fmm Sterculiacaf 



proper the} t lu- presence of petals, and tlieir stamens not 



being united into a column ; from MitlracetF by their '2 celled 

 anther* and bagged petals ; and from iMsivpttalnt by their calyx not 

 being coloured like a corolla, and their petals not rudimentary. The 

 species are chiefly inhabitants of tropical countriex. They partake of 

 the mucilaginous inert properties of Malvacete. Their ' bark often 



yields a tough fibre fit for manufacture into cordage ; and one specie*, 

 neobroma Cacao [TIIKOIIIIOJIA], produce* the seeds from whieh the 

 buttery and somewhat bitter substance called cocoa is obtained, and 

 which forms the basis of chocolate. 



Jti/tttt 



1, A complete flower seen from above ; the outer p,-nt:iiron is tin- calyx, the 

 auricled bodicA arc petal*, and the live-rayed centre reprc- sterile 



stuim-n* ; 2, the calyx cut open, with the stamens attached to it ; 3, a 

 longitudinal lection of a flower, showing the origin of th' I" ' . I, .1 ]x-tal ; 

 5, a calyx seen from above, with the younjr fruit cut transvt i*fl\, and tlie 

 hocked hairs with which it is covered projecting from its sides ; 6, a stain- n . 

 7, the ovary. 



The fruit of fin- n l>v the Brazilians. Many 



of the species yield fibres which might be manufactured into cm 

 as Microhena tptctabilu and Abroma aui/ujtum. [AuitoMA.J In 

 Madagascar the bark of Vombeyn tjtcctabilit is made into ropes. 

 [DOMBEYA.1 



BYTTNERIADS. [BTTTNEIUACE.K] 



pABBAOE. (liRASsiCA.1 



^ CABBAGE, BRAZIL. [<'AI .AIUUII.] 



CABBAGE PALM. [ARKCA.] 



CABOT/., a name for the Cusso or KOUSBO. [BHATERA.] 

 CKTACKA.] 



' \< lloi.ONG. [OPALJ 



CACTACE.*, or CACTE^5, Indian Figs, the Cactus Tribe, a 

 iintiinil "i-l.-i- .if Exogenous plants. 



'!'!. fructification of these plants consist* of a calyx adhering to the 

 ovary, with a border divided into an uncertain number of segments, 

 which are arranged hi several rows, the one overlapping the other, 

 and the innermost gradually ceasing to be green and leafy. !>ut 

 ing the delicacy and ookrar of petals. The latter usually pass 

 into sepals by insensible gradations, are very numerous, and often 

 brilliantly coloured. The stamens originate in the orifice of the tube 

 formed by the combination of the petals and sepals, are very nume- 

 rous, and consist of delicate thread-shaped filaments terminated by 

 small roundish anthers. The ovary, whi< h, iu consequence of its 

 adhesion to the *epals, seems to occupy the place of the stalk of the 

 !!-.'.- r, consists of a single cell lined with parietal placenttc e 



over with minute ovules ; its style is slender ; the stigma is star- 

 Rhaped and dividc-il into as many narrow loben as th* ovary contains 

 placenta;. The fruit is a succulent berry, marked at the end by a 

 broad scar formed by the separation of the liml> of tin- calyx : it 

 contains a great quantity of seeds, which consixt ! ' n - ithin,' l>ut skin 

 containing a succulent embryo slightly two-lobed at the upper end. 



In natural affinity these plants have been considered alii. .1 t.. th.- 

 Gooseberry Tribe ((/routalacea;) on account of the preat similarity in 

 the structure of their fruit, and in the general production of 

 upon their branches. Their relationship is probably far greater 

 with Mm iiiliryacea; and the other epigynous orders of polypetalous 

 dicotyledons. 



The habit of Cactaceas is remarkable. They have, a very succul.-nt 

 stem in which the woody system is developed in but a small propor- 

 tion compared to the whole mass. Usually the stem is angular or 

 deeply channeled, occasionally it of 1-"'1> "i-l 



channels, but in that case is mostly either much comprised an in 

 Opuntin, or leafy a.* in /'/./>/., -mou* fn.m 



the base to the apex, but. in many instaneen it. is divided off into 

 I regular joints, each of which has n nimilur form varying with the 



