CAI.I 



i-AI.VCANTHACE*. 



f. 7WH/nra/ru, and not from Jxnip 



u, a* ii frequently sup- 



pond. He also adds that he ha> eeen " a plank two feet wide of thin 

 Handarach-Tre*, which U called the Arar-Tree in Barbary. The wood 

 it cunaidenxi by the Turku indestructible, and they me it for the 

 ceiling* and floors of their mosques." (Undley, reyrtoUe Kingdom.) 



CALLUTJA (from KaAAfr, to make beautiful), a genus of plant* 

 belonging to the natural order Erieaetv. It haa a 4-parted mem- 

 branoua coloured calyx, longer than the 4-cleft campanulate corolla, 

 surrounded by four green bract* ; 8 stamens, with dilated filament* ; 

 the capsule 4-celled, the dissepiment* adhering to the axis ; the valve* 

 opening at the dissepiment*, and separate from them. There is only 

 one species of this genus, the Common Heath (C. ridgarii). It is a 

 low tufted shrub with small sessile closely-imbricated keeled leaves, 

 arranged in four rows, each leaf having two small spurs at the base, 

 and nearly or quite smooth. The colour of the flowers varies from a 

 deep red to a white, and numerous varieties have been named. This 

 plant is common on every heath in Great Britain. The varieties ore 

 ornamental when planted in the garden. They should be grown in 

 a peat soil, and may be propagated by layers or cuttings under a bell- 

 glass. (Babington, Manual of British Botany.) 



CALOCHO'KTUS, a beautiful genus of Bulbous Plant* belonging 

 to the natural order IMiartir, and nearly allied botanicully to the 

 frit illary and tulip, from both of which it is immediately known by the 

 sepals being of a different form, colour, and texture from the petals. 

 Several species have been introduced into England from California, 

 where or near which country they are exclusively found wild. Their 

 exact localities, and the precise conditions of climate under which they 

 occur, ore however nearly unknown. It would appear that they 

 inhabit a mild climate, subject to rains, and a moderately high tem- 

 perature during their season of growth, but dry and cool subsequently. 

 Accordingly it is found that in this country they do not succeed very 

 well unless they are cultivated in pita where they are protected from 

 frost and from water stagnating about their roots, and can be exposed 

 freely to light and air when growing. They are so exceedingly im- 

 patient of wet near their bulbs when not in a growing state, that 

 prudent gardeners take the precaution to dig them up and keep them 

 dry from the time when the leaves ore withered to the recommence- 

 ment of their vegetation. When they are replanted they will scarcely 

 bear any water until the young leaves begin to appear above the 

 oil 



CALOPHYLLUM (from ica\As, beautiful, and <t>v\\ov, leaf), a genus 

 of plants belonging to the natural order GuUifera. It has a broctless 

 calyx, consisting of from 2-4 unequal coloured sepals ; 4 petals (some- 

 times 2) opposite the sepals ; indefinite stamens, free or connected at 

 the base ; filaments short ; anthers inserted by their base, 2-celled, 

 bursting longitudinally ; the style twisted, crowned by a large capitate 

 ftigma, which is usually lobed; fruit drupaceous, globose or egg- 

 shaped, 1 -celled, 1 -seeded ; the seeds large. The species are trees, the 

 leaves of which have numerous transverse parallel veins, which give 

 them a very beautiful appearance. 



C. Jnophyllum hag oblong or obovate obtuse leaves, usually emorgi- 

 nate ; round branches ; loosely racemose flowers ; racemes axillary, 

 1 -flowered ; usually opposite peduncles. This tree is a native of the 

 East Indies, and often attains a height of 90 or 100 feet. It has 

 large handsome leaves like those of a water-lily, snow-white fragrant 

 flowers, and a fruit about the size of a walnut. When the trunk in 

 wounded it exudes a yellow viscid juice, which frequently hardens to 

 consistence of a gum. It is a common plant in Malabar, where it 

 . , , r ruit twice a year in March and September and frequently 



attains tJ'* **" f 8 year8 " The nut " afford a filed ' lp wnich " 

 d used for burning in lamps, for making ointment, &c. 



iea '. au Hivated in Java for the sake of its shade and the 

 ita flo."* The bark and tha exudation ore used for 



. h * 8 I* ** OT oblong, obtuse or emarginate 

 leaves; hermaphrodite or m.' " .flowers; lateral very short receme* 



. . 



This plant is a tree 60 feet in h^Rht. and u a " tlve of th / Canbbee 

 Islands. It has white swect^cenU.^ flowers, and a green fnnt some- 

 thing like the cornelian cherry, wh!ej conte [ n8 a wlllt "pM kernel 

 Andl is expressed from the seed for domestic * ">d tor ft"** 



in lamp.. The timber is used for variou" 1 purposes, especially for 

 staves and cart-headings. Lindley says that ".the true East Indian 

 Tacamahaca is produced by CatopkylUm Co/a*,."*- "here are how- 

 ever several gums brought into the market under the name o f Taca- 

 mahaca, of which formerly more was used than at .the present day. 

 The 'Tacamahaca seu Resina Tacamahaca' of the old Pharmacopoeias 

 appears to have been the produce of the Elaphrium tonu-ntontmtad 

 S. exctlntm, plants belonging to the natural order jMfrtfH*. It is 

 described as a resin of a brownish yellow colour, spotted with white, 

 easily broken into pieces, which have a shining fracture, oasily 

 melting in the fire, and having a pleasant scent Oullen says thut it 

 was not employed in his day " ss an internal medicine ; and a* an 

 external I cannot perceive It* virtues." It was used for making 

 plasters as a counter-irritant, for which there are forms in the conti- 

 nental Pharmacopooias at the pressat day. There is however another 

 form of Tacamahaca brought to Europe called 'Tacamahaco-in-ShcllK.' 

 It has got this name from being collected in little gourd-shells. This 

 i lie true East Indian Tacamabaea, which is collected from C. 



um in the East Indian Islands and from C. TafamaJuita in 

 Madagascar and the Mauritius. C. Rraiilimx yields an acrid aromatic 

 lemon-scented resin. C. ag*itiflixm is the Piney-Tree of Penang, 

 and yields a hard timber. 



(Bischoff, Medififitrh-PHarmnrtiUufke Roland ; Loiidon, Erytlo- 

 ptrdia ; Don, Gard. Diet. ; Lindley, Ytgttnhlr Kinpiom.) 



CA'LOPUS, a genus of Coleopterous Insects belonging to the 

 section &f*dytra and family (Edtmerida. The species are distinp 

 by having the femora of the posterior legs of the same size in l>th 

 sexes, or nearly so ; the antenna) with the second joint much nhorter 

 than the third, more or less serrated, and inserted into an emargi- 

 nation of the eyes. [CEDKMKRA.1 



CALOSO'MA, a genus of Coleopterous Insects belonging t.. tin- 

 section Geodtphaga (M'Leay), and family C'arabuttr. It in known l>y 

 the following characters : Three basal joints of the anterior 

 in the moles, much dilated, the fourth joint slightly so ; ant<-nn 

 the third joint longer than the rest; labrum bilobed; man 

 simple, Blightly bent, and transversely striated; thorax short; elytra 

 generally rather broad and short. 



This genus is very closely allied to the true GirnK , indeed no much 

 so, that it is difficult to point out any very tangible distinguishing 

 characters ; and yet the entomologist is seldom puzzled in separating 

 them, even without close examination. 



There is a considerable difference in the general appearance of the 

 species of the two genera, nnd we think this in a great measure 

 arises from the comparative proportions of the head and thorax. In 

 Calotoma these part* are always smaller and considerably shorter in 

 proportion to the body (which is generally broad) tlmn in C" 

 The eyes ore generally more projecting ; and SI. Dejeon mentions the 

 larger-sized jaws, and their being always transversely striated, as a 

 good distinction. 



To the genus Calotoma belongs our largest and most beautiful 

 British Carobideous insect, the C. Sycophants. It is about an inch 



long ; the head, 

 thorax, and under 

 parts of the IM|V 

 are of a beautiful 

 blue colour, and the 

 elytra are green, 

 with red reflections 

 more or less con- 

 spicuous indifferent 

 examples ; the legs 

 and antennas are 

 block. 



Most of the best 

 liritish collections 

 contain this insect, 

 and some even 

 several specinn -ii" 

 it must nevertheless 

 be considered a rare 

 insect in this island, hardly ever more than one specimen having been 

 found at one time. In France and Germany it is not uncommon, 

 and is found in woody districts. Most of the British specimens have 

 been taken on the sea coast. 



C. Inquiiitor is the only other spdcies of this genus found in thin 

 country. It is about three-quarters of an inch in length, and of a 

 bronze or brassy-green above, and block beneath. This species, 

 though by no means common, is far more abundant than the last. 

 It has been frequently met with crawling up the trunks of oak-trees 

 in the spring of the year, about the time that that tree begins to put 

 forth its leaves. Most probably it feeds upon the young caterpillar*, 

 which are then abundant. 



Unlike most genera of insects, this appears to be confined t > no 

 particular quarter of the globe, species having been met with in almost 

 all countries. About thirty species are known ; their prevailing colours 

 are various shades of green, generally of a brassy hue, and sometimes 

 block. 



CALOTHRIX. [AIXJJL] 

 UALOTRAGUS. [AxmorK*.] 



CALOTROPI8, a genus of plants belonging to the natural order 

 Aielfpiadacecr. One species, C. gigantea (Atdepieu yvjantea, Linniriis). 

 is the Mudar-I'lant, Aknnd or Yercum of the Hindoos. It yields a 

 milky juice, which is extensively used in India as a medicinal agent, 

 as are also the root and bark. [MuDAR, in ARTS AND So. Div.] 



CALPK. [AcALF.PH.fi.] 



CALTHA, a genus of plant* belonging to the natural order Riinun- 

 rulactrr. Two species are met with TO 'this country ; one, C. paltutrit, 

 the Water-Caltrops or Marsh-Marigold, "Commonly in meadows and 

 by the side of wet ditches. It is very'minn lib a Kanwirnha, from 

 which genus Caltha chiefly differs in having 'a cKlyVftnd crtrollo miv.l 

 together, no scale at the base of the petal*, and mrniy : iW'In >ii each 

 carpel. The other species is C. raditant, whirh i< very I ..ml. Tit.- 

 species partake of the acridity of Kannnruha itself. ' : ' 



CALUMBO-ROOT, the bitter tonic root of an African phnt nllp.1 

 Coccvlut palmatv*. [COCCULUS.] 



CALYCANTHA'CK^E, Calycantht, thoCalycanthus Tribe, hwrtrmd 



Catuioma Syeophanta. 



