725 



CALYCANTHUS. 



CALYPTR.EID.E. 



720 



order of hardy Dicotyledonous Plants, well known in gardens for the 

 delicious fragrance of their blossoms. They are in some respects 

 allied to the Magnolia, or Star-Anise Plant (Illicium), in consequence 

 of their chocolate-coloured flowers with the segments overlying each 

 other in several rows, and because also of their peculiar fragrance ; 

 their true affinity is however with Rosacece, as the mass of their 

 characters sufficiently proves ; especially the unusual circumstance of 

 the cotyledons of the embryo being rolled up both in this order 

 and in the genus Chamcemeles in Rosacece. 



Calyctonthacece consist of but two genera, Calycanthus and Cftimo- 

 nttnlliiix, which agree in having 1st, an imbricated calyx and corolla 

 that pass insensibly into each other, and combine at their bases into 

 a thick fleshy tube ; 2nd, a small number of perigynous stamens, 

 whose anthers are adnate and are tipped by a projection of the 

 connective ; 3rd, several one-seeded nuts inclosed in the tube of the 

 calyx ; and 4th, a convolute embryo, destitute of albumen. Their 

 wood is remarkable for the glandular nature of the woody tubes; 

 and for having, in addition to the usual structure of exogens, four 

 imperfect axes with concentric circles, lying at equal distances in 

 the bark near the circumference, on which they produce externally 

 four elevated lines or wheals. 



The two genera are thus distinguished : Calycanthus, or the 

 Carolina Allspice, has 48 stamens arranged in four rows, the inner- 

 most being rudimentary ; and a great many nuts inclosed in a calyx, 

 which is naked at its apex. It consists of small shrubs, natives of 

 North America, with fragrant chocolate-coloured flowers, appearing 

 along with the leaves in May or June. 



C'himonanthus, or the Japan Allspice, has 10 stamens, all perfect 

 and inserted in a double row ; only one or two nuts to each calyx- 

 tube, which is crowned and closed up by the permanent recurved 

 .stamens. The only species is found will! in Japan, and has fragrant 

 lemon-coloured blossoms, appearing in the winter after the fall of 

 the leaves. Botanists call it Chiinonanthut fragrant, and distinguish 

 three varieties : 1st, the pale kind, which has long been in gardens, 

 and has flowers the colour of which is very slightly yellow ; 2nd, 

 the large-flowered, with bright yellow flowers twice as large as those 

 of the last ; and 3rd, the small-flowered, which is in all respects the 

 same as the first, except that its blossoms are less than half the 

 size. These plants are multiplied with some difficulty by layering. 

 (Lindley's Vtgetable Kingdom,.) 

 CALYCANTHUS. [CALYCANTHACE.E.] 



CALYCERA'G'ExE, Calycert, a small natural order of Monopetalous 

 Dicotyledons, differing from Compotitce in nothing but their seeds 

 having albumen, and being pendulous, and in their anthers being 

 only half syngenesious. It has five genera and ten species. They 

 are natives of South America, but more especially of South Chile. 



CALYCIFLO'R^E, an artificial division of Polypetalous Dicotyle- 

 donous Plants, proposed by Jussieu and adopted by De Candolle. It 

 is characterised by the stamens adhering more or less to the side of 

 the calyx ; or, in the language of the French school of botanists, 

 being perigynous. 



CALYCOPHYLLUM (from KC&U, calyx, and <J>i7\AoK, leaf), a genus 

 of plants belonging to the natural order Cinckonacece. It has the 

 limb of the calyx truncate or bluntly 5-toothed, one of the teeth 

 expanded into a petiolate coloured membranous leaf; the corolla 

 campanulate or funnel-shaped with a 5-plaited limb ; 5 stamens, the 

 filaments rising from the throat free, the length of the corolla ; the 

 anthers oval, exserted ; the style ending in 2 reflexed stigmas ; 

 the capsule dehiscing at the apex, oblong, 2-celled, many-seeded ; the 

 seeds fixed to the linear placenta, imbricate, oblong, girded by a very 

 narrow membranous wing. The species are small smooth trees, with 

 opposite glabrous leaves, short stipules, and flowers disposed in 

 axillary and terminal dichotomous corymbs. 



One of the most remarkable species of this genus has been de- 

 scribed by Sir Robert Schomburgk as a native of British Guyana. 

 There are several genera closely allied to Calycopltyttum, as Miustenda 

 Pinkntya, tc., hi which one of the teeth of the caly* expands into a 

 petioled and coloured leaf of a membranaceous texture. In the species 

 discovered in Guyana the bract-like expansion of the calyx has a rose 

 colour, and as the flowers are very numerous the whole tree assumes 

 the colour of the rose. In describing the discovery of this plant, Sir 

 Robert says, " Let imagination convey you to the great garden of 

 nature in Guyana, clothed in tropical exuberance ; and, among those 

 productions of a congenial sun and fertile soil, figure to yourself trees 

 from 40 to 50 feet high, presenting a mass of leaves the colour of 

 our favourite flower, from a deep pink to the lightest rose, and 

 perhaps your fancy will assist you to form some idea of the picture 

 t beheld at one of the valleys of the river Rapunnuni, where a high 

 mountain on the river's left bank turns its bed boldly to the east. 

 The banks of the stream and the steep side of the hill were alike 

 covered with trees clothed with rose-coloured leaves ; and only on a 

 near approach could the shining green leaves and the spikes of 

 flowers of a velvety blue be discovered." 



This plant is called by its discoverer, in honour of the present Lord 

 Derby, CalycophyUum Stanleyanum. The wood of the tree is very 

 hard. It is very bitter to the taste, and like the rest of the order is 

 probably febrifugal. 

 (Hooker, London Journal of JJutany, 1844.) 



CALY'MENE, the generic title, in Brongniart's classification of 

 Trilobites, for the species of Crustacea allied to the well-known Dudley 

 fossil, Cali/mene Blumenbachii. [TRILOBITES.] 



CALYMMA, a genus of Ciliograde Acalephce, thus characterised by 

 Esehscholtz : Body but little elevated, compressed, widened, as it 

 were, and provided on each side with a considerable appendage, 

 taking its rise from four other smaller appendages, free at their 

 extremity, near the mouth, and furnished with the series of cilia. 

 The species on which this genus was established was taken in the 

 South Seas near the equator. 



CALY'PTRA, in Botany, a name given to a hood-like body 

 connected in some plants with the organs of fructification. In the 

 genus Pileanthus it covers over the flower, and is formed of united 

 bracts ; in Eucalyptus and udetmia it is simply a lid or operculum 

 to the stamens, and is produced in the former by the consolidated 

 sepals, in the latter by the petals in the same state : in mosses it is 

 seated upon the end of the fruit-stalk, inclosing the spore-vessel, and 

 is a leaf rolled round the latter and torn away from its base. In 

 Jungermannia it exists in the form of a cup or wrapper at the base of 

 the fruit-stalk, which, instead of carrying it up upon its point, pierces 

 through its apex and leaves it behind. 



CALYPTR^EID^E, a family of Gasteropodous Mottusca, formerly 

 arranged under the genus Patella of Linnaeus, and known by 

 collectors as Chambered Limpets, comprising the genera Calyptrcea 

 and Crepidula of Lamarck, with the sub-genera into which they have 

 been divided by Lesson. 



" When," says M. Deshayes, in his edition of Lamarck, " collections 

 contained but a small number of Cali/ptrcece and Crepidula;, and when 

 the animals of these two genera were unknown, it was natural and 

 proper to preserve them both ; but now the resemblance of the 

 animals of these two genera is proved, not only by what M. Cuvier 

 formerly stated in the 'Aunales du Muse'um," but also by the more 

 recent works of M. Lesson, of Messrs. Quoy and Gaimard, and of Mr. 

 Owen. Already we had perceived, in publishing our work upon the 

 environs of Paris, as well as in our articles ' Calyptrcea' and ' Crepidula' 

 in the ' Encyclopedic,' that there existed a great resemblance between 

 the shells of these two genera. One sees in effect, in certain Crepi- 

 duliv, the summit taking a spiral shape upon the side of the shell, and 

 raising itself insensibly in a succession of species so as to show an 

 incontestable passage between the Crepidulce and spiral Calyptrcece, 

 which we would particularly designate by the name of Trochiform 

 Calyptrcea. As in the Calyptrcea, properly so called, there exist a 

 certain number of particular forms which may serve to group them 

 in sections, it was necessary to see whether the species having in their 

 interior a lamina or plate of a funnel shape afforded proof of a 

 passage to the Crepidula, like those which are trochiform. This 

 passage does exist ; so that from the entire facts we may come to the 

 conclusion that the two genera, Calyptrcea and Cre/iidula, ought to be 

 united for the future in the system. This conclusion, which we had 

 in some sort foreseen, has been rigorously drawn and proved by 

 incontestable evidence in the work lately published by Mr. Broderip, 

 in the first volume of the ' Transactions of the Zoological Society of 

 London.' M. Lesson, in the conchological part of the great work 

 published on the return of the expedition in the corvette La Coquille, 

 had attempted to establish in the united genera Calyptrcea and 

 Crepidula many sub-genera, of which some have been adopted by Mr. 

 Broderip as sections of the entire genus Calyptrcea, These sections, 

 of which some persons think that they can make genera, are con- 

 nected one with another by the strongest affinities, and cannot be sepa- 

 rated into genera on account of the resemblance of the animals." 



Deshayes then proposes the following sections of the great genus 

 Calyptrcea : 



1. Those which have in their interior, and fixed to the summit, a 

 shelly plate, hollowed out into a sort of gutter, which may be com- 

 pared to a hollow cone of paper cut longitudinally in two, and of which 

 one portion has been removed. (Calyptrcea equeslrit.) 



2. Those which have a delicate plate or lamella in the form of a 

 funnel, fixed either to the side or the summit : a well-defined section, 

 representing nevertheless a passage towards some of the Crepidulce. 



3. Uniting all the species from those which begin to have a very 

 short lamella attached to the internal side (Calyptrcea- extinctorium) 

 to those whose lamella forms spiral turns (Calyptrcea trochiformia), the 

 gradations being very insensible. To this section M. Deshayes thinks 

 that many of Lamarck's Crepidulce should be referred. 



4. Crepidula, properly so called. This section he says might be sub- 

 divided, taking for a basis of the subdivision characters of less value 

 than those relied on for forming the four principal sections. 



Some idea of the variety of shape to which these shells are subject 

 may be obtained from the following passage in Mr. Broderip's paper : 

 " I have before me specimens taken from under the same stone, evidently 

 of the same species, varying in shape from a regular high cone to an 

 almost flat surface, with nearly every intervening irregularity of cir- 

 cumference that can be imagined." 



The species of Calyptrceida are numerous and widely diffused; 

 but the great development of the form is to be found in warm climates, 

 where many of the species attain considerable size, and are remarkable 

 for their form and the richness of their colour. They are found stick- 

 ing on rocks, on and under stones, on other living and dead shells and 



