CALYSTEOIA. 



i AMI'.1 I'S 



m 



submarine auluiUnce* at depthi varying from the surface to 40 fathoms, 

 on sea ooaMs, in (estuaries, and in tidal river*. 



Two genera of thii family hare representatives in the Britiah set 

 Piltofti* and Calyptraa. Each genus has one species. Piltopiit Hun 

 garictu if a common l,ini|H>t on our shore*, and is known by the 

 name of the Bonnet or Large Foolscap Limpet. Calyptra Sinetai* is 

 eaMotially a southern Britixh shell It does not range north of Britain, 

 but extends southward to the Mediterranean. Both these species are 

 found fosril, and date back as far as the Coralline Crag. 



I'ALYSTK'cJIA (from voAi>{, calyx, and artyv, to cover), a 

 ; nus of plants composed of species formerly included under Cunrol- 

 r*l>u, and separated by Robert Brown. It U distinguished by two 

 large bracts which inclose the flower. It has a fi-parted calyx, a cam- 

 pauulate 5-plicate corolla, one style, a 2-lobed stigma, globose or terete 

 lobes, a 2-celled orarium with 2 ovules; the capsule only 1-oelled from 

 the shortness of the dissepiment. The species are lactescent, glabrous, 

 twining or prostrate herbs, with solitary 1 -flowered peduncles. 



C. Sepittm, Great Bindweed, has sagittate or cordate very acute 

 leaves ; lobes truncate, entire, cordate, keeled ; acute bracts, longer 

 than the calyx, but one-half shorter than the corolla ; the peduncles 

 square ; sepals acute. This is the Conroirnltu Septum of older botanists. 

 The genus Calytttgia is not adopted by Koch, Babington, and other 

 botanists. It is a native of Europe, in hedges, and is found in Great 

 Britain very common. It possesses apparently the properties of the 

 genus ConrtJruJia. Haller and Withering state that the expressed 

 juice of the root may be used as a substitute for scammony. It is 

 sometimes called German Scaimnony. In doses of 20 or 30 grains it 

 has been recommended as a hydragogue cathartic iu dropsies, by 

 Mason Good. 



C. SoUantlla, Sea Bindweed, has trailing glabrous rather fleshy 

 leaves, reniform, entire, or a little angular ; peduncles angular, angles 

 winged ; bracts large, ovate, blunt, mucronate, generally shorter than 

 the calyx. It is a native of many parts of Europe on the sea-coast, 

 and also some parts of Asia. It is common on the coasts of Great 

 Britain. The young stalks are sometimes eaten pickled. The juice 

 of the mature plant is however a cathartic. 



Several other species of this genus are described. Like the Conrol- 

 ruJi they are elegant plants in blossom, and are of the most easy 

 culture. They may be propagated by pieces of the root or by seeds. 

 The C'. SoUlantUa should now and then be watered with salt-water. 



(Don, Hardener's Dictionary.) 



CALYX, the external wrapper of a flower within the bracts. 

 Usually it is green and leaf-like, sometimes however it is coloured like 

 a corolla, from which it is only known by its being the outermost of 

 the rows of floral envelopes. It consists of leaves called sepals, which 

 are sometimes separate, when the calyx U polysepalous, and sometimes 

 united into a sort of cup by the edges, or monosepalous. Occasionally 

 it is converted into feathery or short divisions, when it is named pap- 

 pus ; or it is altogether reduced to a small rim, so as to be hardly 

 visible. In some plants it grows to the sides of the ovary, and is tech- 

 nically called superior, while it is named inferior if it is quite sepa- 

 rate from that part. Its segments are usually of the same number as 

 those of the corolla, and alternate with them. The office of the calyx 

 appears to be, in its ordinary green state, merely that of protecting 

 the tender parts that are formed within it ; but when it is coloured 

 and similar to a corolla, we can scarcely doubt that in such cases it 

 also performs the part of a corolla. [COROLLA.] In some instances, 

 as in that of pappus, it seems merely intended as a means of tmns- 

 jKirting seeds to a distance by enabling them to catch the wind by the 

 wings which it at that time resembles. This is especially seen in many 

 of the fruits of Componta. The foliar nature of the sepals is well seen 

 in the cases of C'alycophyUum, Muttcrnda, tc., where the sepals natu- 

 rally grow into leaves. 



CAMASSIA, a genus of Bulbous Plants belonging to the natural 

 order IMiaenr. The bulbs of one of the species (C. aculenta) are eaten 

 by the North American Indians under the name of Quamask 



CAUSING OUTAN. [AXTILOPEJS.] 



CAM'BIUM, a viscid substance that appears in the spring between 

 the wood and bark of exogenous trees. It is in this substance that 

 the young cells are formed which become the wood of the following 

 year. This substance disappears every spring after the complete 

 formation of the wood, which then adheres firmly to the bark ; but 

 it re-appears whenever the plant is again called into growth, as at 

 midsummer in those species which shoot twice a year, like roses, 

 ,.. ,. h-, *<. 



GAMBOGE. The produce of several species of plants belonging to 

 the natural order Guftiferir U known by this name. It is a gum-resin, 

 and has purgative properties. On account of its bright yellow colour 

 it is also used as a pigment. [STALAGMITES ; OARCINIA ; GUTTIFER.K.] 



CAMBRIAN ROCKS. Science is indebted to Professor Sedgwick 

 for having established in North Wales, beyond a doubt, the important 

 fact, that beneath the slates and flag* of Denbighshire, whirh belong 

 to the Upper Silurian Strata, occur in the Berwyn Mountains and in 

 the vicinity of Bala other strata containing Lower Silurian fossils, to 

 the extent of several thousand feet in thickness. In South Wales the 

 progress of the Geological Survey, under Sir H. De la Beche, has esta- 

 blished the fact of very considerable thicknesses of partially fossiliferous 

 rocks beneath the Llandeilo (or Lowest Silurian) Strata nf Murchison. 



By these labours we perceive that the Paleozoic forms of organisation 

 descend, in Wale*, many thousand feet below the lowest recognised 

 Silurian strata, and the subjoined view of the nomenclatures, sepa- 

 rately proposed by Sedgwick and Murchison, will give an idea of the 

 relations of these rocks. 



Upper Silurian, f Ludlow Rocks. 

 (Mmvl, i \ Wenlock Rocks. 



Lover 



Palaozoic 



Strata. 



Cambrian 



strata. 

 (Sedgw.) 



Lower Silurian, f Caradoo Rooks. 

 (Murch.) \ Llandeilo Hocks. 



Groups yet 

 to be 

 named. 



Jfypoioic Strata of Cumberland and Scotland. 



Thus it appears that the Cambrian Strata are not exactly equivalents 

 of the Lower Silurians, but include a great range of other strata below 

 those originally defined by Sir Roderic Murchison. Viewed, how- 

 ever, without reference to nomenclature, the Cambrian and Lower 

 Silurian Rocks form one type, and may perhaps deserve to be ranked 

 as one great Protozoic System. 



CAMEL. [CAMELUS.] 



CAMELI'NA, a genus of plants belonging to the natural order 

 Crucifera, to the sub-order Latiiepta, and the tribe Camelinnr. It 

 has a subovate pouch, the valves ventricose, with a linear prolonga- 

 tion at the end, which is confluent with the persistent style. 



C. tatira, Gold of Pleasure, has pear-shaped pouches, intermediate 

 stem, leaves lanceolate, sagittate at the base, entire or denticulate. It 

 has small yellow flowers. Its name is a burlesque on the humble 

 appearance of the plant. Babington admits it into his British Flora, 

 but it is undoubtedly a foreign plant, which has been introduced wit h 

 the seed of flax. It is found abundantly in the corn and flax fields of 

 the Continent, from whence the seed is brought to this country. 



C. dentata is another species frequently found in Great Britain, in 

 company with the last, and introduced in the some way. 



CAME'LLIA, a genus of plants belonging to the natural order 

 Terrutromiacta, and nearly related to the plants which yield the tea 

 of the shops. All the species are natives of China and Japan, or of 

 corresponding climates in the north of India, whence they have been 

 introduced to Europe. C. Japoniea, a species with broad shining 

 leaves, and red flowers, is the origin of the numerous beautiful 

 varieties now so common iu ourgardens. The principal part of these have 

 been raised by the skill of the Chinese or Japanese, and are remarkable 

 not only for their gay colours, but for the great symmetry with which 

 their petals are arranged, the flowers when seen in perfection 

 resembling nothing so much as beautiful shell-work. The sorts that 

 have been raised in this country are in most instances inferior to the, 

 Chinese in symmetry, but they occasionally surpass them in richness 

 of colour. They are multiplied by cuttings, grafts, and buds, and 

 also by seeds, which the Waratah and some single sorts produce in 

 plenty. 



The other species of Camellia in our gardens which deserve notice 

 are, the C. mu/(Aora, the Apple-Blossomed Camellia, which is 

 probably a mere variety of the last ; C. old/era, whose seeds yield a 

 valuable oil in China ; and C. reticulata, which is by far the hand- 

 somest of all. The leaves of this species are veijy remarkably netted, 

 and the semi-double flowers, which are sometimes as much as six 

 inches across, are of a deep rich rose-colour. For the culture of these 

 plants see CAMELLIA, in ARTS AND So. Div. 



CAMELOPARD. [GIRAFPA.] 



CAMEL'S-THORN a name given to a species ot Alhaffi, the A. 

 Camelorum. [ALIIAOT.] 



CAMELUS a genus of Ruminant Animals without horns ; Gamal of 

 the Hebrews, Djemal of the Arabs, KctuqAot of the Greeks, Camelusof 

 the Romans, Cammello of the Italians, Camello of the Spaniards, 

 Kameel of the Germans, Chameau of the French, and Camel of the 

 English. It includes two species, C. Jlactrianut, the Camel, and 

 C. Arabicut, the Dromedary. 



The Camels have 34 teeth : 1 6 in the upper jaw ; namely, t \v, > 

 incisors for the camels and the llamas have these, and form the 

 exceptions, the other ruminants being without any incisors in the 

 upper jaw two canines, twelve molars: 18 in the lower jaw; 

 namely, six incisors, two canines, ten molars. The incisors of the 

 upper jaw bear a close resemblance to canine teeth, for they are 

 conical, compressed at the sides, pointed, and somewhat curved or 

 hooked. There is another difference between the Camels and the 

 other Ruminant* : the former have the scaphoid and cuboid bones of 

 the tarsus separated. Instead of the great homy case or shoe, which 

 envelopes all the lower part of each toe and determines the figure of 

 the ordinary cloven hoof, the camels have only a small one, or rather 

 the rudiment of one, adhering only to the last joint of the toe, and 

 -yiiinii-t rii-:il in form, like the hoofs of the fachydrrmala. These and 

 other peculiarities of form lead to the opinion that the Camels and the 

 Llamas form the link between the Ruminant ia and Pac/iydermafa, 



The characters of the genus may be thus summed up : Lower 

 incisors in the form of cutting wedges ; upper incisors sub-lateral ; 

 canines conical, sub-erect, strong ; false molars situated in the inter- 



