CAMERARIA. 



CAMPANULACE^E. 



731 



accounts of the speed of the Heirie, El Heirie, or Maherry of the 

 desert Purchas's Raguahill. " When thou ahalt meet a heirie," say 

 the Arabs in their poetical mode of expression, " and say to the rider 

 ' Salem Aleik,' ere he shall have answered thee ' Aleik Salem,' he will be 

 afar off, and nearly out of sight, for his swiftness is like the wind." 



Dromedary (Cametiu Dromedarius). 



The ' Sabayee,' said to be the fastest breed of the swift Dromedary, 

 will, it is asserted, perform a journey of thirty-five days' caravan tra- 

 velling (about 18 miles a day) in five days, performing 630 miles in 

 that small period of time. Riley often travelled on a dromedary at 

 the rate of 7 or 8 miles an hour for nine and ten hours a day ; and 

 Lyon says that the Maherry of the Northern African Arabs will con- 

 tinue at a long trot of 9 miles an hour for many hours together. 



Besides the swift variety above alluded to, the species varies in 

 colour, like the Bactrian, being sometimes cream-coloured or even 

 white. There are specimens in the Gardens of the Zoological Society 

 in the Regent's Park. 



The natural family of the Camelidce comprises also the South 

 American form so well known by the name of Llama. [LLAMA.] 



A fossil species, C. Sivalentu, of this genus was discovered by 

 Dr. Falconer and Captain Cautley in the Tertiary deposits of the 

 Sewalik Hills of Hindustan. The crania, jaws, and teeth of this 

 species are to be seen in a fine state of preservation in the British 

 Museum. It was nearly related to the existing species, but exceeded 

 them by at least one-seventh in. height. 



CAMERARIA, a genus of plants belonging to the natural order 

 Apocynacetr. C. latifolia is called the Bastard Manchineel-Tree in 

 the countries where it grows, on account of its possessing properties 

 similar to the Manchineel. The true Manchineel is the produce of 

 Hippomane Manchindla, one of the Spurgeworts. [HIPPOMANE.] 



CAMOMILE, or CHAMOMILE. [ANTHEMIS.] 



CAMPA'NULA (diminutive of Campana, a bell, on account of the 

 form of its flowers), a genus of plants the type of the natural order 

 Campanulacetr. It has a 5-cleft calyx, the corolla mostly bell-shaped, 

 with five broad and shallow segments, the anthers free, the filaments 

 dilated at the base, the stigma 3-5-fid, the capsule not elongated, 

 3-5-celled, and opening by lateral pores outside the segment of the 

 calyx. .This genus is one of the largest in the vegetable- kingdom, 

 although from time to time the number of its species has been 

 reduced by the formation of new generic types. Eight species are 

 described by Babington as British. The species of Smith were more 

 numerous, but Babington recognises Heister's genus Specularia for 

 the old C. hybrida (Pritmatocarpus hybridiu of L'Heritier) and its 

 allies, and Schrader's genus Wahlenbergia for the C. hederacea. The 

 older names of the genus Campanula are Trachdium and Cervicana, 

 names which wore given to it on account of the supposed efficacy of 

 many of the species in the cure of disorders of the neck and trachea. 

 Hence also the common name Throatwort. All the species are 

 herbaceous, with mostly perennial roots, and the radical leaves 

 differing in form from those of the stem. They are natives of the 

 northern hemisphere. 



C. edulit, Chobs, Okab, is a hispid plant with a thick root, erect 

 1 -flowered stems, ovate-lanceolate crenate leaven; lobes of the calyx 

 linear-lanceolate, equal in length to the corolla, which is hispid. It is 

 a native of Arabia Felix. Its root is thick and sapid, and contains a 

 considerable quantity of starch. It is on this account frequently 

 eaten by children, as are the roots of many other species. 



C. fflomerata, Clustered Bell- Flower, has the leaves minutely crenate- 

 serrate, the lowermost stalked, ovate-lanceolate, generally cordate 

 at the base, the upper leaves half-clasping, sessile, ovate, acute ; 

 the flowers sessile in terminal and axillary clusters. This is a native 

 .f Knrope, especially in mountainous districts. In Great Britain it 

 i< found in dry pastures on limestone. It is the Trachdium minus 

 Mid Uernr.aria. minor of Lobel and Dodonseus. It in often cultivated 



in our gardens, and a great number of wild varieties have been 

 described by Alphonse De Candolle. 



C. Trachelium, Nettle-Leaved Bell-Flower, has the leaves coarsely 

 doubly serrate, hispid, the lower one cordate, with long stalks, upper 

 nearly sessile, ovate or lanceolate, acuminate ; flowers racemose, 

 peduncles 2-3-flowered ; segments of the calyx triangular-lanceolate, 

 entire, erect ; the stem erect, angular. This is a European species. 

 It is found in the south of England, and has large blue bell-shaped 

 flowers. A decoction of this herb was formerly used in disorders 

 of the throat, but the properties of the genus are medicinally inert. 



C. rotundifolia, Hare-Bell, Blue-Bells, Milkwort, has the radical 

 leaves cordate or reniform, shorter than their stalks ; stem-leaves 

 linear, the lower ones lanceolate ; flowers one or more racemose, 

 corolla turbinate, campanulate. It has pretty blue flowers, and is a 

 favourite throughout Europe. In France it is called Clochette ; in 

 Germany Weisen-Busch, and Grassglas. The juice of the flowers 

 makes a very good blue ink, and when mixed with alum a green one. 

 The roots of this species also may be eaten. 



C. pyramidalit is a glabrous plant with leaves glandular, toothed, 

 the lower ones petiolate, ovate-oblong, somewhat cordate, the stem- 

 leaves sessile, ovate-lanceolate; the flowers numerous, pyramidally 

 racemose, the lobes of the calyx acuminate, spreading, the capsule 

 spherical, deeply furrowed. It is indigenous on rocks and walls ill 

 Carmthia, Carniola, and Dalmatia. From its having been a great 

 favourite in the gardens of Europe, it has now become naturalised in 

 many places where it was not originally a native. It has not often 

 been found wild in Great Britain, though it is commonly cultivated 

 for the sake of its tall raceme of beautiful blue flowers. It is in 

 great demand in Holland, where it is employed to ornament halls and 

 staircases, and to place before fire-places in summer, for which purpose 

 it is planted in large pots and trained in a fan-manner so as to hide 

 a large surface. In the shade it remains in bloom two or three 

 months. " The art of producing a very large plant is to begin with 

 pots of a small size, and shift frequently during two years, till at 

 last the plant occupies a pot of a foot or more in diameter. Rich 

 light soil should be used, but no animal manures or recent dung, 

 as these are very injurious. Cuttings of the roots flower the second 

 and seedlings the third year. C. carpaiica and C. grandiflora may 

 be treated in the same manner." (Loudon.) 



C. Rapumculiu, Rampion, has leaves crenate, the radicle leaves 

 oblong-elliptical narrowed into a petiole, the stem-leaves linear- 

 lanceolate, sessile, the raceme few-flowered, the segments of the calyx 

 lanceolate. It is a native of Marocco and Barbary, also of the south 

 of Europe, and extends as far north as Norfolk in England. It has 

 a fusiform thick white root, which looks like a little turnip ; hence 

 the specific name rapunculus, being the diminutive of rapa, or radish. 

 In Germany it is called Rapunzel, in France Raiponce, in Italy Raper- 

 onzola ; the English Rampion appears to be the same word. It is 

 much cultivated in France and Italy, and sometimes in Britain, for 

 the sake of the roots, which are " boiled tender and eaten hot with 

 sauce, or cold with vinegar and pepper." (Loudon.) In its cultivation 

 the seed should be sown in the spring on deep light soils, in drills ; 

 and in the autumn of the year the plants will be ready for use. 

 The C. ptrsicifolia, a doubtful native of Britain, and the C. Rapuncu- 

 loida, an indigenous plant, may be used for the same purposes as C. 

 Rapuncului. 



C. lilifolia (Adenopltora lilifolia, Ledebore) has alternate leaves, the 

 radical ones petiolate, ovate-roundish, cordate, toothed ; the corolla 

 campanulate, the style exserted. It is a native of Siberia, and of the 

 east of Europe. Like many others of the genus it has an edible root, 

 which is sometimes divided into several turnip-formed tubers. The 

 flowers are numerous and sweet-scented. It is interesting from the 

 fact that the leaves before blossoming are crowded together on the 

 summit of the stem, so as to form a green rose-like body. But as 

 the axis elongates, the leaves become afterwards scattered on the 

 prolonged stem. The roots are eaten in China both raw and cooked. 



The other British species of this genus not described are C. latifolia, 

 Great Bell-Flower, common in the North ; C. Rapunculoidet, very rare ; 

 and C. patula, frequent in hedges and thickets. [SPECULARIA ; 

 WAHLEXBEHQIA.] 



(Loudon, Encyclopedia, of Plants ; Koch, Flora, Germanica ; 

 Babington, Manual of British Botany; Burnett, Outlines; Don, 

 Gardener's Dictionary.') 



CAMPANULA'CE^E, Bellwortt, the Campanula Tribe, a natural 

 order of Monopetalous Dicotyledonous Plants, the character of which 

 is to have an inferior three or more celled fruit containing many 

 minute seeds, combined with a regular corolla, distinct stamens equal 

 in number to the lobes of the corolla, dilated bases to the filaments, a 

 downy style, and a milky juice. It consists of plants usually herbace- 

 ous, sometimes shrubby, scattered over all parts of the globe, but most 

 abundant in the form of species related to the common Campanula, or 

 Bell-Flower, in the milder parts of Europe and Asia. Of 500 species 

 only 19 are found within the tropics. The flowers are commonly 

 blue, purple, or white, occasionally rose-coloured, very rarely yellow, 

 as in a Canary shrub called Muschia aurea. None of the species are 

 poisonous, notwithstanding that the order is very closely allied to the 

 dangerous Lobdiacea, which hardly differ except in having irregular 

 flowers and syngenesious stamens. The affinities of this order are 



