: ' 



CAMPAXn.AKIA. 



CANARY-BIRD. 



with Campania through LoMiaenr, and aim with Solatacttr and 

 It embrace* 28 genera and about 500 species. 



6 5 



Rampion (Campanula Kapunntloides}. 



1, The base of the corolla, with the stamens ; 2, a stamen separate ; 3, a 

 calyx with the style and stigma ; 4, a ripe seed-vessel ; 5, a section of the 

 tame ; 6, seeds natural size ; 7, a seed magnified ; 8, a section of the same. 



CAMPANULARIA. [POLYPIABIA.] 



CAMPHOR is a substance produced by several plants, and in its 

 chemical characters belongs to the class of Vegetable Oils. It is 

 yielded in greatest abundance by the natural order Lauracea, from 

 several species of which Camphor might be produced. It is however 

 obtained for commercial and .medicinal purposes from the Camphora 

 Qfcinarum, Nees (Laurut Camphora of Linnaeus). A substance called 

 Borneo Camphor, having similar properties to that from the natural 

 order Lauracett, is obtained from the Dri/obalamtju Camphora. This 

 Camphor does not come into Europe on account of the great demand 

 for it in the Chinese markets. [CAMPHOR, Medical Via of, in ARTS 

 AND Sc. Div.l 



CAMPHOR-OIL, a substance obtained in Borneo and Sumatra 

 from the Ih-yobalanops Camphora, It is supposed to be Camphor in 

 an imperfect state of formation. [DHYOBALANOH.] 



CAMPHORA, a genus of plants belonging to the natural order 

 Lauracea. This genus was constituted by Neea von Esenbeck for the 

 Laurut Camphorifera of Kiunpfer, the plant which yields the Camphor 

 of commerce. It is known by its hermaphrodite panicled naked 

 flowers; 6-cleft papery calyx, with a deciduous limb; 9 fertile 

 stamens, 3 in a row, the inner row with two stalked glands at their 

 base ; the anthem 4-celled, the outer turned inwards, the inner out- 

 wards ; the fruit placed on the obconical base of the calyx ; the leaves 

 triply nerved, glandular in the axils of the principal veins ; the leaf- 

 buds scaly. 



C. officimanm, the Camphor Laurel, is a tree with lax smooth 

 branches ; the leaves are bright-green and shiny above, paler beneath, 

 and somewhat coriaceous, with a sunken gland at the axils of the 

 principal veins, projecting at the upper side, opening by an oval pore 

 beneath. This plant is a native of Japan and China, and is cultivated 

 in most of the warmer part* of the world. The Camphor of commerce 

 is yielded by this tree, which is cultivated most extensively in the 

 island of Formosa, from whence it is taken to Canton, which is the 

 principal market for Camphor. 



CAMPION. [Lv.ll.M.-; SlLKHK.] 



CAMPONTIA, a genus of supposed Marine Annelides, first described 

 by Dr. Johnston. Of this genus Dr. Johnston says, " When I first 

 described this animal its close resemblance to some caterpillars was 

 particularly mentioned, but the suspicion of it* being actually a larva 

 did not occur to me ; for I believed it to be an established fact among 

 entomologists that no insect passed it* preparatory stages in sea-water. 

 I have been informed however that Mr. M'Leay, and no higher 

 authority can be given, has proved that the worm in question is the 

 larva probably of some dipterous fly ; and if this opinion be correct 



(which it* anatomy strongly confirms), then it will follow that at least 

 one larva naturally lives and undergoes its changes in the sea a con- 

 clusion which I think is one of some importance, and at variant 

 our present notions. Oar Campcmtia cruciform!* may be found at all 

 seasons at the roots of sea-weed and corallines in pools left by the 

 recess of the tide. The very specimens before me were procured by 

 myself a few days ago in parts to which no fresh-water could have 

 access, and which are covered to the depth of several feet every tide, 

 for they are near low-water mark." (Mag, Nat. Hiti. \,,\. viii.) " 



CA'MPSI A (Lepeletier and Serville), a genus of Coleopterous Insects, 

 of the section Ifeteromera, sub-section Stcntlylra (Latn-ille). and family 

 Htlopidcr. [HELOPiD.fi.] 



CAMPTO'CERUS (Dejean), a genus of wood-feeding Coleopterous 

 Insects, belonging to the section Xylophagi of Latreille. [Xvi urn u.i. j 



CAMPTO1 ' N T I s (Dejean), a genus of Coleopterous Insects, of 

 the family Sfarilidtr, closely allied to Oxyitomv* ; from whk-h p-nu-. 

 however the present is distinguished by the species having tin 

 palpi shorter than the external maxillary : antenna) with the basal 

 joint scarcely longer than the two following joints taken together. 



[SCARITIDJE.] 



CAMPYLOMY'ZA (Wiedeman), a genus of Dipterous Insects, of 

 the family Tiputidtr. It has the following characters : Proboscis 

 curved; antennas filiform, 14-jointed, two basal joints tolerably 

 thick, the remaining short, cylindrical, and covered with fine hairs ; 

 body short ; femora elongated ; wings hairy, with one marginal cell, 

 and three posterior cells, the first and second divided by an indistinct 

 nervure. 



The species of this genus are all extremely minute, and found on 

 the leaves of trees. 



C. bicolor is less than one-twelfth of an inch in length, of a blackish 

 colour, with the edges of the abdominal segments pale ; legs pale- 

 yellow. This species and three or four others inhabit this country 



CA'MPYLUS (Fischer), a genus of Coleopterous Insects, belonging 

 to the family Elalerid(t. The species of this genus are distinguished 

 by their having the hinder part of the head free, or not sunk into the 

 thorax as far as the eyes, as is usually the cage in this tribe. The 

 eyes are globular and projecting : the antenna; are rather long, 

 obscurely pectinated, and inserted close to the eyes beneath a pro- 

 jecting frontal ridge ; thorax narrow ; elytra much elongated, and 

 somewhat linear. 



C, ditpar, a common insect in this country, is found on the leaves 

 of trees, and on nettles and other plants. It is nearly half an inch 

 long, and of an ochreous colour, with the under part of the body more 

 or less black : sometimes the posterior part of the head, the disc of 

 the thorax and elytra, and the femora are black. 



About six or seven species of this genus have been discovered, most 

 of which are European. The above-described species is the onlv n,- 

 known to inhabit England. 



CAMWOOD (German, Kammholz; French, Bois dc Cham ; Portu- 

 guese, Pao Gab&o), a red dye-wood, the colouring matter of which is 

 similar to that of Nicaragua or Peach-Wood. It is the produce of a 

 plant belonging to the natural order Leyuminota, called liaphia nitida. 

 It is used with alum and tartar as a mordant. It does not afford more 

 than a third part of the colouring matter yielded by an equal quantity 

 of Brazil-Wood. It is used likewise by turners for making knitV- 

 handles, and by cabinet-makers for ornamental knobs to furniture. 

 The greatest part of the Camwood imported into Europe is brought 

 from Sierra-Leone. 



CANARIUM, a genus of plants belonging to the natural order 

 Amyriilacete. C. commune yields a gum which is said to have the 

 same properties as the Balsam of Copaiva. The fruit, which is a 

 three-cornered nut, is eaten in Java both raw and dressed ; and 

 is expressed from them which when fresh is eaten at table, and \\ lu-n 

 stale is used for burning in lamps. The raw nuts are apt to bring on 

 diarrhcoa. 



CANARY-BIRD, or CANARY-FINCH, Le Serin de Canarie of 

 the French, Der Canarienvogel of the Germans, Canario of the 

 Italians, the Canary of the English, FrinyMa Canaria of Linnaeus. 

 This bird is the well-known songster which is to be found caged in 

 every house where the inmates are fond of song-birds. The Canary 

 Islands are the most frequented haunts of the species. In tin- wild 

 state the prevailing hue, according to the observations of Adanson, 

 Labillardicre, and others, is gray or brown, mingled however with 

 other colours, but never reaching the brilliancy of plumage exhil'itrd 

 by the bird in captivity a brilliancy arising from long domestication 

 and repeated crosses with analogous species. Its introduction into 

 Europe is stated by some to have taken place in the 14th century; 

 but Bechstcin names the beginning of the 19th. " The arrival^' says 

 the author last quoted, " of the canary in Europe, is thus described : 

 A vessel which in addition to its other merchandise was bringing a 

 number of these birds to Leghorn, was wrecked on the coast of Italy, 

 opposite the island of Elba, where these little birds, having been set 

 at liberty, took refuge. The climate being favourable they increased, 

 and would certainly have become naturalised, had not the wish to pos- 

 sess them occasioned their being caught in such numbers that at last 

 they were extirpated from their new abode. From this cause Italy 

 was the first European country where the canary was reared. At first 

 their education was difficult, as the proper manner of treating them 



