>X-BAU,TRKE. 



CAPEH 



and i certainly wild, according to Roxburgh, " among the hilU and 

 mountain* north of India, a* well as common everywhere in the 

 garden* of the native* throughout Asia," It it now universally 

 distributed over the north of Europe. Herodotus, iv. 74, describes it 

 u growing in Scythia, north of the Danube, a country which he 

 had rioted. We muct from this conclude that the plant is really a 

 natir* of north and nurt Europe, 



It in from ita possessing a remarkably tough kind of woody tissue 

 capable of being manufactured into linen and cordage, that hemp i 

 beat known ; and for iu good qualities in thU respect it u unrivalled 

 among the many species possessing similar properties. But it also 

 contains a deleterious narcotic secretion of great energy. If oue 

 remains for any length of tune amongst a plantation of young hemp, 

 head-ache and vertigo are often the result; in hotter countries 

 these effects are much more violent, a kind of intoxication living 

 speedily produced. Oriental nations have taken advantage of thw 

 to add another to the lint of intoxicating drugs, which they contrive 

 to substitute for the forbidden wine of western people. The 

 powdered leaves mixed with some kind of aromatic are infused in 

 water and drunk, when a drowsy ecstatic feeling comes on, which U 

 said to be much more agreeable than that produced by opium. The 

 leaves are also mixed with tobacco for smoking. The two chapters of 

 Herod., iv. 74, 75, arc curious as to its intoxicating effects, &e. The 

 drug obtained from hemp is called bang, or haschish, or cherris : 

 gangika or ganga, kinnab, subjah, mojnli, are other names for it. 

 The seeds of hemp abound in a thick mucilage, and are used medi- 

 cinally for the preparation of emulsions: a useful oil is obtained 

 from them by pressure. The hemp develops its active properties 

 more in warm climates, hence for medicinal purposes it is brought 

 into this country from India under the name of Cannabit Imlica. 



CANNON-BALL-TREE. [COCBOUPITA.] 



CANTHATIID^*:, a family of Coleopterous Insects of the section 

 Trnrhfli<lrt. It has the following characters : Hooks of all the tarsi 

 cleft; antennas generally filiform; head usually broader than the 

 thorax, and divided posteriorly by an indentation ; thorax for the 

 most part narrower behind than before ; elytra soft and flexible, and 

 in most of the species inclosing the sides of the abdomen. The genus 

 Camtkani may be distinguished from other genera of this family by 

 the following characters : Antennas long and filiform, the second 

 joint very short ; maxillary palpi short, the joints nearly equal, the 

 terminal joint slightly exceeding the others in bulk ; head a little 

 wider than the thorax, which is slightly elongated, and has the 

 anterior part suddenly narrowed, forming as it were a neck ; elytra 

 elongate, and somewhat linear. 



Canlharii rtticatoria, the Spanish Fly, or Blister-Beetle, is \\vll 

 known for its medical uses. [CANTHARIS VKSICATORIA, in ARTS AND 

 Sc. Div.] It is about three-quarters of an inch in length, and of a 

 bright-green colour ; the legs and antenna: are bluish-black. 



This insect is found but rarely in this country. It appears in the 

 month of June and frequents ash-trees, upon the leaves of which it 

 feeds. C. raicatoria is also found in France, but in Italy and Spain 

 it appears to be most abundant. 



When touched these insects feign death, and emit an odour of a 

 highly penetrating nature. Their larva: live in the ground, and feed 

 upon the roots of plants. 



CANTHAKIS. [CANTHABIDJL] 



CANTHARUS, a genus of Acanthopterygious Fishes belonging to 

 the family Sparida. It has a deep compressed body ; a single elon- 

 gated dorsal fin ; teeth of rather small size, numerous, conical, placed 

 in several rows, those of the outer row rather larger and more curved 

 than those forming the inner rows; mouth rather small; branchi- 

 ostegous rays, six. (Van-ell.) One species of this genus appears on 

 the coasts of Great Britain, the C. yritetu of Cuvier and Valenciennes. 

 It is the tfparta linraltu of Montagu. It is common on the coasts of 

 Kent, Sussex, and Devonshire, where it is called the Black Bream. 

 It is aim. called the Black Sea-Bream, but it is a different fish from 

 the Sea-Bream (PaytUta centrodonlmi). Mr. Yarrell says, " It enters 

 harbours, and is frequently taken by anglers from rocks and pier- 

 heads." It takes common baits, but seems principally to feed on 

 marine vegetables. 



CAOUTCHOUC. [ISDIAX-KCBBER.] 



CAOUTCHOUC, FOSSIL. ! I'.ITUJIEN.] 



CAPERCALI, CAPERKALLY, or CAPERCALZE, the Scotch 

 name for Ae Capercail, Wood-Orouse, or Cock of the Wood, the 

 Tttrao l/royallut of Lintueus. 



Pennant refers this bird to the Coc de Bols, or Faisan Bruyant, of 

 Belon, and the Oallo Cedrone of the Italians ; and it is very probable 

 that these and other names, namely, Oallo di Monte, Oallo Selvatico, 

 Oallo Alpestre, Fasan Negro, and Fasiano Alpestre, were applied both 

 to the Caperkally and the BUck-Cock, according to the different 

 localities where the species occurred. [BLACK-CoCK.1 Part of Belon's 

 description of his Coc da Bois such, for example, as the plume 

 "si noire et reluisant au-desaous du col, et de 1'estomach, qu'elle 

 monstre en estra toute changeante," and the tail with the feathers 

 " voultees, c'est a dire courbees en arc, et Urges par le bout, ayant 

 qnelque petite* madrnres blanches," might apply to the Black-Cock, 

 while " the size approaching to that of the peacock " " the head not 

 leas than that of a bustard, with the great massive trenchant beak," 



much more applicable to the Caperkally, which is Le Grand 

 CIKI de Bruyeres of Briason, the Coq de Bruyere ou Tetrao of Button. 

 Kjader of the ' Fauna Suecica,' Tjaderhona of Haaaelquist, the Tetrao 

 Auerhan of Temminck, Auer Hahn of Friach, Auerwaldhuhn of 

 Bechstein, the Peacock of the Wood (Para lylratri,) of Giraldus 

 Cambrensis, Capricalca of Sil.luild, the Cock of the Mountain or 

 Wood (called by the Venetians Oallo di Montagna) of Willughby, 

 the Cock of the Wood or Mountain of Hy, Wood or Great Orous of 

 Pennant, Ceiling Coed of the ancient British, I'rogallut it* Tetrao 

 major of Aldrovand, Tetrao VrogaUtu of Limucus, and i'royalltu 

 rulgarit of Fleming. 



Temminck says that this bird is numerous in the north of Asia, 

 and in Russia towards Siberia: and that it is common in Livonia, 

 sufficiently abundant in Germany, in Hungary, and in certain parts 

 of the Archipelago : he adds that it is more rare in France, and never 

 found in Holland. Pennant states that these birds are common in 

 Scandinavia, Germany, France, Italy, and several parts of tin 

 It is added in a note, on the authority of Haaaelqimt, that th 

 was shot in the Isle of Milo on a palm-tree, and on that of Belon that 

 it is found in Crete ; and it is observed that the Knuli-li tr.m-: 

 Hasselquist gives a false name to it, calling it Black Game. Mr. 

 Lloyd says that it is to be found in most parts of the Scandinavian 

 peninsula; indeed as far to the north as the pine-tree flourishes, 

 which ia very near to the North Cape itself. He adds that the bird 

 is very rare in the more southern of the Swedish provinces. 



That it was once frequent in the British Islands there is no doubt, 

 though it is now utterly extinct as a wild British species. Ray says : 

 "Anglia hunc non alit. In Hibernia inveniri dicitur." Pennant 

 writes : " This species is found in no other part of Great Britain than 

 the Highlands of Scotland, north of Inverness, and is very rare even 

 in those parts. It is there known by the name of Capercalze, Auer- 

 cake, and in the old law-books Caperkally the last signifying the 

 Horse of the Woods this species being, in comparison of others of 

 the genus, pre-eminently large." He also says: "In our country I 

 have seen one specimen, a male, killed in the woods of Mr. Chisolme, 

 to the north of Inverness. About the year 1760 a few were to be 

 found about Thomas Town, in the county of Tipperary, but I suspect 

 that the breed is now extinct in every part of Ireland." Graves 

 (1813) says: "This species is nearly extinct in Great Britain; two 

 instances of its being killed in Scotland within these few years are 

 the only satisfactory accounts we have received of its being recent ly 

 found in these kingdoms. One was killed by a gentleman of the name 

 of Henderson near Fort William about six years ago, and sent to 

 Dundee ; but the vessel that conveyed it to London was detained so 

 long on the passage that the bird became so putrid that only the 

 head and legs could be preserved. The other specimen was shot by 

 Captain Stanton near Burrowstoneneas two winters ago ; they were 

 both males. Some few are said to be yet remaining in tin- pine 

 forests of Scotland, and also in the mountainous parts of Ireland." 

 Bewick speaks of it as very rare in Great Britain. In the last edition 

 of Montagu (1838) it is stated that the bin! was hut seen iu 17M> in 

 the woods of Strathglass, that it continued in Strathspey till 1745, 

 and that recent attempts have been made to re-introduce it from 

 Norway without success. Selby (182S) alludes to its extirpation, 

 and omits the species. Jenyns (1835) observes that it was formely 

 abundant in the mountainous forests of Scotland and Ireland, but 

 that it is now extirpated. A living pair came into the possession of 

 the Zoological Society of London, but they did not long survive th* 

 loss of liberty. 



"A few years ago," writes Mr. Lloyd in his interesting ' 

 Sports,' " I procured a brace of those birds, consisting of cock and 

 hen, for a friend of mine, Mr. Thomas Fowell Buxton, the member 

 for Weyinouth, then resident at Crouier Hall in Norfolk. After a 

 lapse of a few months the hen laid six eggs, and from these, in process 

 of time, six capercali were produced. The chicks lived until they 

 had attained to a very considerable size, when, owing to the effects, 

 as it was supposed, of a burning sun, to which they had been 

 incautiously exposed, the whole of them, together with the mother, 

 died. On this mishap the old cock, the only survivor, was turned 

 loose into the game preserves, where he remained in a thriving con- 

 dition for about a year and a half. At last however he also met his 

 doom, though this was supposed to be owing rather to accidental 

 than natural causes." 



In further corroboration of the fact that the Capercali will breed 

 when in confinement, we make the following quotation from Mr. 

 Nilsson's work. That gentleman's authority was the iifwer director 

 of Uhr ; and the birds alluded to were at a forge in the province of 

 Dalecarlia : 



" They were kept together during the winter in a large loft over a 

 barn, and were fed with corn, and got occasionally a change of 1 n -h 

 spruce-fir, pine, and juniper sprigs. Early in the spring they were 

 let out into an inclosure near the house, protected by a high and 

 close fence, in which were several firs and pines, the common trees of 

 the place. In this inclosure they were never disturbed ; and during 

 the sitting season no one approached except tin- person who laid in 

 the meat, which at that time consisted of barley, besides fresh sprigs 

 of the kinds before mentioned. It is an indispensable rule that they 

 "hull have full liberty, and remain entirely undisturbed, if the hens 



