-- 



LOHtCfiU. 



CARI-AMIM: 



TT 



Cbrafcu tiotaeaa. 



Fig. J. 



moderately long. ThU rare and conspicuous insect i* found in Senegal 

 aa.l on the coast of Guinea. 



I'rorrrut tcobrottu U about two inches in length, and in the broadest 

 part of the elytra about three-quarter* of an itioh in width, and of n 

 bluish-black colour ; the thorax U broad, truncated anteriorly and 



posteriorly, rery slightly 

 convex, and rugoee ; the 

 elytra are oval, convex, and 

 covered throughout with 

 uraall tubercles. ThU U 

 the Urgent of the carnivo- 

 rous beetles known. 



M. le Comte Dejean de- 

 scribes three other species be- 

 longing to this genus, which 

 are all of a beautiful blue 

 or violet colour above, and 

 black beneath. The Proceri 

 are often found under dried 

 leaves in the forests and on 

 the mountains of Russia, 

 Hungary, and Asia Minor: 

 they are the giant* of Euro- 

 pean Carabidtf. 



Four species of the genus 

 Procrtiftet have been de- 

 scribed, the largest of which, 

 P. coriaettu, is recorded as 

 British; it U however so 

 rare in this country as to 

 have given rise to doubts as 

 to its being strictly an in- 

 habitant. In France and 

 Germany it is tolerably com- 

 mon, and is found in woods. 

 P. coriacevt U rather more 

 than an inch and a half in 



Fi. J, Head of Ttflu, iltgrrlri, maimlBed. length, and of a dull black 

 , maxillary palpu. ; 6, labial palpu.. colour ; the thorax 18 nearly 

 Flf . S, maxillary palpus of Caralita molacetu. smooth ; the elytra are ru- 

 gose, and of an ovate form. 



Of the genus Caralxu upwards of 120 species have been described, 

 the greater portion of which inhabits Europe, Siberia, Asia Minor, 

 and the northern parts of Africa. 



From the immense number of species Count Dejean has found it 

 necessary in his descriptions to arrange them under 16 divisions, 

 founded principally on the sculpture of the elytra, Mr. Stephens, 

 in his ' Illustrations of British Entomology,' describes 17 species : 

 the most common are C. violaceut, C. monilit, C. catmulatut, C. 

 kortauit, C. cancellatiu, and C. anenta, all of which are tolerably 

 abundant in the neighbourhood of London. 



C. kortauit is very frequently met with on pathways (especially 

 early in the morning), and not uncommonly with a worm in its jaws. 

 It is about an inch long ; the head and thorax are of a copper-like 

 hue, and the elytra are brassy-green ; the under parts of the body are 

 black ; the elytra are faintly sculptured, and exhibit three longitudinal 

 rows of impressions, and numerous rows of very delicate confluent 

 punctures. 



C. vMacftu is equally common with the last ; it is dull black, and 

 has the margin of the elytra of a copper-like hue ; this tint is also 

 more or less observable on the thorax ; the elytra are very delicately 

 punctured, and appear smooth to the naked eye, in which respect this 

 species may be easily distinguished from C. caienulaitu, which has 

 the elytra distinctly sculptured. C. cairnulatiu also differs in form 

 considerably from C. violaceut ; it is dull black, and has the thorax 

 and margins of the elytra of a purple or blue colour. Its locality is 

 heaths and commons, where it is found under clods of turf, *c. 



C. cancrllntm appears to confine itaelf to old pollard-willows, at the 

 root* and under the loose bark of which it is found in abundance. 

 This species U about three-quarters of an inch long, and of a brassy 

 hue above. The elytra are adorned with three distinct longitudinal 

 rows of oblong elevated tubercles, and between these there U a smooth 

 elevated stria. 



i.-an. Speti* Ototralt da Ooteopttre,.) 



CARACHICHU, a name given in Brazil to the Solanum nigrum. 

 It U also called Krva Moria. [SOLANUM.] 



CAKADOC FORMATION, the uppermost of the two great divi- 

 sions of the Lower Silurian Strata of MurchUon. It is not well and 

 clearly seen except in Salop, the Abberley and Malvern Hills, Woolhope, 

 May Hill, and other points on the eastern borders of Wales. 



CARAOA'NA, a genus of Papilionaceous Yellow-Flowered Sin M . 

 formerly comprehended in Robinin. Several species are cultivated in 

 garden*, but they are not much valued. They are exclusively found 

 in Asiatic Russia, Tartary, and the north of India ; one of them, the 

 Caragana Gtrardiana, is one of the plants called Tartarian Furze by 

 travellers. 



< AKAMBOLA. fAvr.RRHOA.] 



CA'RAN X, a genus of Acanthopterygious Fishes, und belonging to 



the family Scomberi'l.' Thi* genus in diritinguiitued chiefly by the 

 lateral line of the lxly l-im; fiirmnlie.l with a series of scaly plates. 

 These plates are huruontally keeled (especially on the posterior half 

 of the body), and frequently terminate in a spine or an angular pro- 

 jection, the point of which is directed backwards. The remainder of 

 the body is covered with small scales. There are two distinct dona 

 fins ; the last rays of the posterior one are sometimes but slightly con- 

 nected by membrane, or separated into spurious fins. Some free 

 spine* are placed before the anal fin. The teeth are very minute. 



Several species of this genua inhabit the seas of Europe, but we are 

 aware of only one which has occurred off the British coast, the 

 C'araiu- Irattarut. This fish, well known by the name of the Scad or 

 Horse-Mackerel, is frequently met with on various parts of the coast* 

 both of England and Ireland, and at times occurs in such immense 

 shoals that the whole sea as far as the eye can reach appears alivn 

 with them. The Scad is about the size of the mackerel, to which it 

 comes near in affinity. The body is more even in width (that is, leas 

 tapering towards the head and tail), and i* of a dusky olive-colour 

 above, exhibiting in certain lights splendid hues of blue and green ; 

 the lower part of the body is silvery-white, with the exception of the 

 throat, which is black ; there is also a black spot just above the 

 pectoral fin. This species, like many others found on our own coast*, 

 occurs also on those of the Mediterranean. In some of the species of the 

 genus Caranj: the scaly plates are observable only on the posterior half 

 of the lateral line, and the anterior part is furnished with small scale*. 



C. pnnctatut of Cuvier has but a single spurious dorsal and anal fin, 

 whilst the C. Rotten (Scomber Rotleri of Bloch) has several dumber 

 dmtut (Bloch), and one or two other species now included in this 

 genua, are remarkable for having a single range of teeth and the body 

 of a more elevated form. 



C. Carangut (Scomber Carangtu of Bloch), a large species of this 

 genus from the Antilles, weighing from 201ba. to 251bs., is of a 

 silvery hue, and has a black spot on the operculuin ; the body is com- 

 pressed, and of a somewhat ovate form ; the head is obtusely t.-rmi- 

 nated. This fish is good eating, whilst the Bastard Carangue 

 (C. Guaraterebra), another which closely resembles it, but wants the 

 black spot, is apt to prove poisonous. 



CARANXO'MORUS, a genus of Acanthopterygious Fishes belong- 

 ing to the family Scomberidas. 



CARAPA, a genus of plants belonging to the natural order Meliacea. 

 C. TotUoucouna yields the Tallicoonah or Kundar Oil, which has a 

 reputation as an anthelmintic. It is said to be well suited for burning 

 in lamps. The bark of the root of C. obovata is bitter and astringent. 

 The bark of C. Guianauu is used as an authelmintic and febrifuge. 

 (Lindley, Vegetable Kiiii/ilnm.) 



CA'RAPUS, a genus of Fishes belonging to the Apodal Malocoptery- 

 gians. 



CARAWAY. [CARUM.] 



CARBO, a genus of Birds, of the order Xatatorei and the tribe 

 Pelecanidcf, to which Temminck referred the Common Cormorant. 

 It is now usually placed in the genus Phalocrocorar. [PHALOCROCORAX] 



CARBON is one of the elements which occurs pure in nature. In 

 this state it is called Diamond, and forms one of the most precious 

 gems. [DIAMOND.] It is also found in a tolerably pure condition in 

 Graphite (Plumbago or Black- Lead). This substance contains from 

 90 to 96 per cent of Carbon, with the rest iron. [GRAPH ITK.] Carbon 

 enters largely into the composition of Amber [AMBER], and also of 

 mineral Caoutchouc and the various forms of Bitumen. [BITUMEN.] 

 It forms the distinguishing element of C'ual. [CoAl..] 



CARBONIFEROUS SYSTK.M. the great group of strata which 

 includes nearly all the valuable coal yet discovered. It consists of 



D. The Coal Formation. 



c. The Millstone-Grit Group. 



B. The Mountain Limestone Formation, 

 o. The Limestone-Shale Group. 



The portions marked a, c, are the least constant in range and 

 character ; the Limestone-Shale graduate* in South Wales to Devonian 

 Strata, and in Ireland constitutes the Yellow Sandstone series of the 

 northern counties. (Griffith.) Most of the coal of Ireland belongs to 

 the Millstone-Grit group. [COAL FORMATION ; MOUNTAIN LIMESTONE.] 



CARBUNCLE. [GARNET.] 



( AKCl! A'lUAS, a genus of Fishes of the Shark Tribe. [SQUALID*.] 



CARD AM INK, a genus of plants belonging to the natural order 

 Cntcifera, the sub-order SUiquota, and the tribe Arabideir. It has a 

 compressed pod, flat nerveless valves, a capitate stigma, the seeds in 

 a single row, with the funiculus simple and filiform. The species, 

 which are numerous, are usually smooth herbs, with stalked, entire, 

 lobed, or pinnately cut leaves, and racemes of white or red flowers. 



C. prateniii, Cuckoo-Fower, Bitter-Cress, Common Ladies' Smock, 

 has pinnate leaves, the leaflets of the lower leaves roundish, slightly 

 angled, those of the upper leaf linear-lanceolate, entire; the petals 

 three time* longer than the calyx, spreading; the stamens half the 

 length of the petals ; stem terete. This plant has large lilac-coloured 

 flowers, and is exceedingly abundant in some parts of the country. 

 It has a bitter taste, hence its name Bitter-Cress. It is generally in 

 blossom when the cuckoo returns to this country, and at that period 

 covers the fields as though linen was bleaching : these circumstances 



