CARPOLOOY. 



CARUM. 



although specimens have been found as much M SO feet high. From 

 the null SIM of this species it u little used by the American* : its 

 wood appear* however to hare the name properties a* that of C. 

 JttMbm 



C. oriental*. Oriental Hornbeam. It ban oblong doubly-serrated 

 cordate leaves, and very little oblique at the haao; when young, 

 rather downy : lobe* of the cupulea coarsely and unequally serrated. 

 It u a buahy tree of amall itature, found in the eastern parta of 

 Europe and on the mountain! of Caucasus. It is of no known use, 

 and principally diffrm from the Common Hornbeam in iU downy 

 lfnrM*iHri and green much-lacerated cupulea. It is the C. duinenta 

 at SoopolL 



C. rimimra is related to the last, but has taper-pointed leaves 

 with limple or nearly simple serratures, and less deeply serrated lobea 

 to the cupulea. It U a large handsome tree with weeping branches, 

 found on the mountain! of Nepaul. 



C.fayinea, from the same country, is distinguished from the last 

 by its woolly leafstalks and simply setacoo-serrated leaves, which are 

 but little acuminated. 



CAKPOLOGY is a division of Botany comprehending what relates 

 to the structure of seeds and their seed-vessels, or what is commonly 

 called fruit. The subject is usually treated of incidentally in nil 

 elementary botanical works; and with much care by Hirbel in his 

 ' Elc5mens de Botanique ; ' Lindley, in his ' Introduction to Botany ; ' 

 and especially by Schleiden in his ' Principles of Scientific Botany.' 



CARRAGEEN MOSa [Aw*.] 



CARRION-CROW. [CoBvn>*.1 



CARROT. [DACCUS.] 



CARR-SWALLOW, a name for the Black Tern (Sterna fittipa). 

 [STKRHA.] 



CARTER, a Cornish name for the Whiff, a fish belonging to the 

 genus Momlnu. [RHOMBUS,] 



CA'RTHAMCS, a genus of plants belonging to the natural order 

 Compotita. C. tinctorim, the Safflower, U a pretty annual plant, found 

 wild in Egypt and the Levant. It has an erect cylindrical stem, 

 branching near the summit, a foot or two high, and furnished with 

 sharp-pointed, oval, sessile, somewhat spiny leaves. The flowers grow 

 in heads, inclosed in a roundish spiny involucre ; the florets are of an 

 orange-yellow, becoming red when dried. These latter contain a 

 colouring principle called Carthamite, which is employed by dyers as 

 the source of some of the more delicate rose-colours, and the rich 

 scarlet called Ponceau ; it also constitutes the basis of the cosmetic 

 known by the name of Rouge. 



The dried flowers of Carthamtu are exported in great quantities 

 from Egypt, and are very like saffron to the eye, on which account 

 they have been employed to adulterate that drug, and the plant itself 

 has acquired the name of Bastard Saffron, or Safflower. 



CARTILAGE, commonly called Gristle, a substance intermediate 

 in density between the membranous and bony structures of the body. 

 It is distinguished from every other texture by its pearly whiteness, 

 its smoothness, its firmness, and its great elasticity. When divided it 

 appears to be perfectly homogeneous, without fibres and without 

 laming ; but when examined under the microscope it is seen to 

 consist of nucleated cells, disseminated in a solid mass or matrix. 

 Articular Cartilage has no blood-vessels, the nutrient fluid required 

 being supplied from vessels in adjoining textures. In other kinds of 

 cartilage canals are observed conducting blood, but not for the 

 immediate supply of the cartilaginous tissue. No nerves have been 

 found in any of the cartilages, and they are now known to be desti- 

 tute of sensibility. 



The simplest form of Cartilage consists merely of nucleated cells, 

 and closely resembles the cellular tissue of plants. This kind is 

 found in the rudimentary apinal column of the early embryo ; it also 

 exists in the chorda dorsal U of the cartilaginous fishes. In other 

 kinds of cartilage the cells are embedded in an intercellular substance, 

 preeenting certain varieties of appearance. 



Artlculir Cartilage from the brad ot the humrrun. Verticil wctiunn. 

 A, wcllon cloM to the orfce; B, McUon far In the inlrriur. 



In Articular Cartilage the cells are oval or roundish, di|>eraed in 

 groups through a nearly homogeneous intercellular substance. The 



cells measure from the 1 300th to the 900th of an inch in diameter. I n 

 the interior part of the incruating cartilages the cells usually assume 

 a more or less linear arrangement In the different cartilages the 

 cells vary in size and form. 



Ordinary permanent cartilage contains about three-fifths of its 

 weight of water and becomes transparent when dried. It is resolved 

 into chondrin by boiling. Cartilage contain! a certain amount of 

 mineral matters. Frommhera and Gugert obtained 3 4 per cent, of 

 ashes. When analysed these ashes were found to consist of 

 Carbonate of Soda . . . 35-07 



Sulphate of Soda 24-24 



Chloride of Sodium . . . ... 8-23 



Phosphate of Soda 0*92 



Sulphate of Potash 1 "Ju 



Carbonate of Lime 18-37 



Phosphate of Lime 4-06 



Phosphate of Magnesia 6-91 



Oxide of Iron, and loss .... 1-00 



The vital processes are carried on very slowly in cartilage. It is 

 subject to absorption, and when thus removed by disease or when 

 taken away by operation it is not again renewed. When fractured or 

 broken the union is not effected by new cartilage, but by fibrous or 

 areolar tissue, or bone. 



Cartilage is not only closely allied to bone in the mechanical 

 arrangement of its component fibres and in ite chemical composition, 

 but it sometimes supplies the place of bone, as in the foetus and in 

 young persons. Cartilages of this class, which regularly disappear as 

 ossification advances, are called Temporary, in contradistinction to the 

 Permanent, which remain during all periods of life. Permanent 

 Cartilages either cover the extremities of the bones in the moveable 

 joints or articulations, and are thence called Articular ; or are attached 

 to the extremities of the ribs, and are thence termed Costal. The 

 Articular Cartilage consists of a layer of the same shape as the 

 extremity of the bone which it covers, varying in thickness from one 

 or two lines to the fraction of a line, and over its external or free 

 surface there is always reflected a fine and delicate membrane, termed 

 the synovia!, which secretes the fluid by which the joint is lubricated 

 and its free and easy motion secured, denominated synovia, or joint oil. 

 The Costal Cartilages, which are cartilaginous productions of the 

 osseous ribs, ore much larger and thicker than the Articular, assist in 

 the formation of the thoracic cavity, and perform a very important 

 part in the function of respiration. 



The distinctive property of this peculiar form of organised matter, 

 to which the name of Cartilage has been given, is elasticity, on which 

 depends the specific use of this substance in the economy. It is 

 mainly an adjunct to bones, counteracting certain evils which, but for 

 the intervention of some substance of this kind, must necessarily have 

 resulted from the hard unyielding nature of the osseous fibres. 

 Covering the- extremities of bones, or interposed between layers of 

 bony fibres, without in the least diminishing the firmness and strength 

 of the osseous fibres, it enables the bones to yield in the shocks to 

 which the body is exposed in the ever-varying movements of the 

 frame; defends them from fracture and displacement; and at the same 

 time protects the great centres of the nervous system, the spinal 

 cord and brain, from the concussions and jars to which these tender 

 and delicate organs would, but fur its interposition, have been 

 constantly exposed. 



(Quain's Elements of Anatomy, by Sharpey ; Carpenter, Principla of 

 Phytiology ; Simon, Animal Ckemutry ; Schwann, On the Accordance 

 in the Structure of Animalt and Planti ; Kolliker, Jlandbuch tier 

 Gtmbdehrc.) 



CARUM (from Caria in Asia Minor, where the plant was originally 

 found), a genus of plants belonging to the natural order Umbel I 

 to the sub-order Orthotpermece, and to the tribe Amminea. It has an 

 obsolete calyx, obcordate petals, with a narrow acute indexed point, 

 oblong fruit, carpels with five filiform ridges, interstices with single 

 vitttc, a depressed stylopodium. The species are glabrous herbs, 

 with perennial tuberous edible roots, pinnate leaves, and white 

 town. 



C. t'arui, Common Caraway, has a fusiform root, bipinnate leaves, 

 leaflets cut into linear segments, no partial involucre, the general 

 involucre absent or of only one leaf. It is a native throughout the 

 whole of Europe in meadows and pastures. It is found in Great 

 Britain, but can only be regarded as a naturalised plant. The fruit 

 of this plant is known in shops by the name of caraway seeds. 

 [CARUM CARDI, in ARTS AND So. Div.] The leaves of this plant are 

 frequently used in spring to put in soups, and the roots are boiled and 

 eaten as parsnips, to which some persons prefer them. 



Several varieties have been described by botanists. One of these 

 is the American species C. C. elonyatum, which has the segments of 

 the leaves linear elongated. 



C. verticillaium has the general and partial involucres of many 

 leaves, the leaves pinnate, and the leaflets linear. The segments of 

 the leaflets spread in such a way as to appear whorled ; hence the 

 trivial name. It is a native of the western parts of Europe. In Great 

 Britain and Ireland it occurs as a rare plant in damp hilly pastures. 



C. buioocattaaum of Koch, is the Bu.niv.rn bulljociatanum of Linnaeus. 

 [Bumux.] It is the Scandix and Stum btUbocaitanum of Sprengel 



