17 



OHABADRIADA 



CHARADKL4BJR. 



IM 



-u l.l.-nly narrowed toward* their tip*, and shorter than the fourth 

 and fifth, which are the tangent. (Qould.) 



P. critlaltu (Tringa \'<melltu. Linn.), the Peewit, or Lapwing. The 

 male in winter plumage him the occipital feather* very lung, loose barbed, 

 and curved upward*. Top of the head, ci out, front of the neck and breast, 

 glossy black : upper parU deep green with brilliant reflection! ; aides of 

 the neck, belly, abdomen, and I *< of the tnil, pure white ; tail-feathers 

 terminated by a large black space, with the exception of the external 

 feather; lower covert* ruddy, dill blacki'h; feet red-brown. Length 

 rather more than 1 2 inches. The female has the black of the throat 

 an<l breast lew deep. The young before the moult have the occipital 

 cre*t shorter; some blackinh colour U'low the eyes ; the throat varied 

 with black and ashy brown ; all the feathers of the upper and lower 

 parti terminated with ochreous yellow ; feet ashy-olive. The spring 

 or nuptial plumage is scarcely distinguishable by the greater bril- 

 liancy of the reflections on the back and wings, and by the deeper 

 inti-iwity of the black of the throat and breast. The Croat however 

 is longer, and the colour of the feet bright reddish. 



The Peewit is spread over the whole of Europe, and is particularly 

 j.I. m if'il iii Holland. Mr. Could states that he has seen specimen* in 

 collections from India and Africa. It is noted by Messrs. Dixon and 

 Row as occurring in great numbers near Eraeroom, arriving at the 

 end of March, and de|>arting at the end of November. During the 

 summer it frequents the river (Kara-Su, or northern branch <!' tl- 

 Kuphrates), but on its arrival, and previous to its departure, it is 

 I'.. uinl in moist fields. The native name is Kiz-Cooshoo (Maiden's 

 Bird), or Kahmaum Cooahoo (Bath-Bird). Yaivllut KrjitturU-a, and 

 Ckaradrivt MoriiuUut ami (,'. minor were found by thofle gentlemen at 

 the same locality, r '/.<>}. I 'roc,,' 1839.) It appears in the 'List of 

 Birds' seen in Japan, by Dr. Von S..1..M and M. Burger; and 

 Temminck states that individuals from that locality differ in nothing 

 from those of Kurope. 



Head mnd foot of Peewit, or Lapwing ( I'antllut crutatiu). 



Accidental Varieties. Pure white. Yellowish white with faint 

 indications of the deeper colours. One or other part of the body 

 speckled with white feathers. (Temin.) 



This species is Le Vanneau of the French ; Paoncella Commune of 

 the Italians ; Gehaiibte Kiebiz of the Germans ; De Kiev-it of the 

 Netherlander*; Peaaeweep, Peewit, Bastard Plover, Lapwing, and 

 Wype, of the British ; Cornchwigel of the Welsh. H is also the Wipa, i 

 Kowipa, and Bliecka, of the Swedes ; Vibe and Kivit of the Danes ; 

 and, according to Belon, -Ml of the Greeks (Aristot, 'Hist Anim.,' 

 viii. 3) ; Pavonzino and Parruchello of the Italians ; and in some 

 provinces Dixhuit and Papechieu of the French. 



The habits of this species very much resemble those of the other 

 Plovers, and the arts by which the parents try to lead either dog or 

 man from their egg* or young by counterfeiting the gait of a wounded 

 bird, Ac., are a* well if not better known as the stratagems of its 

 congeners on the like occasion*. Thin is the bird which furnishes the 

 plover's eggs of the London market ; and tliono who rob the nest are, 

 it is said, careful not to take all, but they leave one or two, so as to 

 induce the bird to go on laying, w 1 Morally does to make up 



her number. The full compliment, when the bird is not robbed, is 

 generally four, and they are olive-coloured, spotted and blotched with 

 black. That part of the egg which is usually called the white (the 

 albumen) U transparent when boiled, and has somewhat of a bluish 

 tinge. The nest, if nest it may be called, is the bare earth. It haunts 

 the border* of riven, lakes, plains, and marshy places, and is generally 

 to be found near the sea-shore in the winter. This part of its habits 

 well agree* with those described as proper to Aristotle's Aix, accord- 

 ing to the reading given by !;., This elegant bird seems to have 

 been as much esteemed by the French for the table as by our own 

 countrymen. In the ' Portrait* des Oyseaux ' the following quatrain 

 appears under the figure of the bird : 



" Viir cjr drums to portnlet da Vsnnm, 

 V.I It royant, pourm u veae pautrr ; 

 M*U Hi tu Trull d'un bon mororan repalitra 

 UTS pen de mellleun OTHMUX d'eau." 



In the 'Northumberland Household-Book,' 'Wype*' are charged 

 at on* penny each, and they are among the birds admitted to hi* 

 lordship s own ' ' 



Porwit, or Lapwing ( riwrtlvt rriitn ' 



This species is confined to the Old World ; but Captain P. P. Kine, 

 K. N.. has described a second species from thr struts of Magalhaens. 

 It is figured in the 'Illustrations of Ornithology,' under the name of 

 Squat arola </, 



Philomatktu, the Spur-Wiutred Plover. It is the Philomath** 

 upmonu (Charadriiu epauauf, Linn.; I'lunnlit Saugalennt armala, 

 Briss. ; Pluviamu tpinotut, Qould.) 





8pur-Winnl I'lnrcr (nilomathiu tpinom}. 



When the male ami female nre in ]if,it plumage all the Riimmit 

 of the head and occiput, throat, front of the neck, breast, sides, quills, 

 and three-fourths of the tail are black ; region below the eyes, lateral 

 base of the bill, Hides of the neck, nape, long feathers on the sides, 

 inside of the wing, the wholn border of the wing, thighs, al>doiiii>n, 



rump, and finrt fmirtli of tl ri^i" "'' the tail, pure white; thewlioli- 



of the mantle, quills nearest tin- lio.lv. a.n well i all the coverts, gray- 



