1017 



CHIMPANZEE. 



CHIMPANZEE. 



1018 



expansion of the ischium. 18. In the comparative shortness of the 

 upper extremities, more especially of the fore-arm and hand. 19. In 

 the non-division of the pisiform bone of the wrist. 20. In the greater 

 proportional length of the femur and tibia, and the less proportional 

 length of the foot. 21. In the presence of a ligamentum teres, and 

 consequent depression in the head of the femur. 22. In the greater 

 proportional size of the tarsus as compared with the phalanges of the 

 toes. 23. In having constantly two phalanges in the hallux or great 

 toe with a nail, while the ungueal phalanx and nail are often wanting 

 in the hallux of the orang, especially in that of the female. 



The chimpanzee approximates more nearly to the human structure 

 in those deviations which are numbered 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 12, 13, 17, 

 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23. 



The orang has a nearer resemblance to man : 1. In the junction 

 of the sphenoid with the parietal bones. 2. In having twelve pairs 

 of ribs. 3. In the form of the scapula, especially in its greater 

 breadth. 



Owen well observes that it is a result of the preceding comparison 

 that the chimpanzee ought to rank above the orang in a descending 

 series, and not below it as in the 'Kegne Animal' of Cuvier. 

 Linmeus, as we have seen, gave the chimpanzee that superiority of 

 rank, but erred as much on the other side by placing it under the 

 genus Homo, for both the chimpanzee and orang, according to Owen, 

 differ in structure from the human subject : 1. In the diastema, or 

 interval between the cuspidati and incisors in the upper jaw, and 

 between the cuspidati and bicuspides of the lower jaw. 2. In the 

 greater magnitude of the intermaxillary bones, indicated in the adult 

 by the distance of the foramina incisiva from the incisive teeth ; both 

 of which differences result from the greater proportional develop- 

 ment and different forms of the cuspidati and incisors. These, as 

 the author observes, are differences of generic value. 3. In the more 

 backward position and oblique plane of the occipital foramen. 4. In 

 the smaller proportional size of the occipital condyles. 5. In the 

 larger proportional size of 

 the petrous bones. 6. lu 

 the greater proportional de- 

 velopment of the jaws. 7. 

 In the flatness of the nasal 

 bone, which is rarely divided 

 in the mesial line, while in 

 man the nasal bones are as 

 rarely consolidated into one. 

 8. In the presence of the 

 ant - auditory process of 

 the temporal bone, and the 

 absence of the mastoid and 

 styloid processes. 9. In the 

 absence of the process of 

 the ethmoid, called crista 

 galli. 10. In the shortness 

 and comparative weakness 

 of the lumbar region of the 

 spinal column ; which is 

 also composed of four in- 

 stead of five vertebras. 11. 

 In the narrowness and pro- 

 portional length- of the 

 sacrum. 12. In the flatness 

 of the ilia, and the larger 

 development and outward 

 curvature of the ischia. 1 3. 

 In the position of the pelvis 

 in relation to the spine. 1 4. 

 In the larger proportional 

 development of the chest. 

 15. In the greater length of 

 the upper extremities. 16. 

 In the wider interval be- 

 tween the ulna and radius. 

 17. In the shortness and 

 weakness of the thumb, and 

 narrowness of the han.l in 

 relation to its length. 18. 

 In the shortness of the 

 lower extremities. 19. In 

 tin- greater proportional 

 length and narrowness of 

 the foot. 20. In the small 

 size of the os calcis. 21. In 



_/ ., From Owen. 



" These differences." adds Professor Owen, " result from original 



formation, and are not liable to be weakened in any material degree, 



on the one hand, by a degradation of the human species, or, on 



the other hand, by the highest cultivation of which the anthropoid 



apes are susceptible." 



In following out this osteological comparison it becomes necessary, 

 for the assistance of tb.8 student, to give a sketch of the cranial 



Well-developed Human Skull. 



Skull of Chimpanzee. From Owen. 



Skull of Orang-Outan. From Owen. 



