101* 



CHIMPANZEE. 



CHOfPAHZBE. 



development in man and in the anthropoid apes, so that he may have 

 under bis eye the comparative form of each. 



We cannot do bettor than give the following conclusive statements 

 of Professor Owen. 



"Certain modifications in the form of the human pelvis have been 

 observed to accompany the different forms of the cranium which 

 characterise the different races of mankind ; but there is nothing in 

 the form of the pelvis of the Australian or Negro which tends to 

 diminish the wide hiatus that separates the bimanous from the 

 quadrumanous type of structure in regard to this part of the 

 skeleton. Observation has not yet shown that the pelvis of the orang, 

 in a state of captivity, undergoes any change approximating it 

 towards the peculiar form which the same part presents in the human 

 subject. The idea that the iliac bones would become expanded and 

 curved forwards, from the pressure of the superincumbent viscera, 

 consequent on habitual attempts at progression on the lower 

 extremities, is merely speculative. Those features of the cranium of 

 the orangs which stamp the character of the irrational brute most 

 strongly upon their frame, are however of a kind, and the result of a 

 law, originally impressed upon the species, which cannot be supposed 

 to be modified under any circumstances, or during any lapse of time ; 

 for what external influence operating upon and around the animal can 

 possibly modify in its offspring the forms, or alter the size, of the 

 deeply-seated germs of the permanent teeth f They exist before the 

 animal is born ; and let him improve his thinking faculties as he may, 

 they must, in obedience to on irresistible law, pass through the phases 

 of their development, and induce those remarkable changes in the 

 maxillary portion of the skull which give to the adult orangs a more 

 bestial form and expression of head than many of the inferior >'/< :,< 

 present It is true that in the human subject the cranium varies in 

 its relative proportions to the face in different tribes, according to 

 the degree of civilisation and cerebral development which they 

 attain ; and that in the more debased Ethiopian varieties, and 

 Papuans, the skull makes some approximation to the quadrumanous 

 proportions : but in these cases, as well as when the cranium is 

 distorted by artificial means or by congenital malformation, it is 

 always accompanied by a form of the jaws, and by a disposition and 

 proportions of the teeth, which afford unfailing and impassable 

 generic distinctions between man and the ape. To place this propo- 

 sition in the most unexceptionable light, I have selected the cranium 

 of a human idiot, in whom nature may be said to have performed for 

 us the experiment of arresting the development of the brain almost 

 exactly at the size which it attains in the chimpanzee, and where the 

 intellectual faculties were scarcely more developed ; yet no anatomist 

 would hesitate in at once referring this cranium to the human species. 

 A detailed comparison with the cranium of the chimpanzee or orang 

 shows that all those characters are retained in the idiot's skull which 

 constitute the differential features of the human structure. The 

 cranial cavity extends downwards below the level of the glenoid 

 orticulatory surfaces. The nasal bones are two in number, and 

 prominent. The jaws and teeth exhibit the bimanous characters as 

 strongly as in the most elevated of the human race. The cuspidati 

 do not project beyond the contiguous teeth, and consequently there 

 are no interruptions in the dental series, as in the orangs, where they 

 are required to lodge the disproportionate crowns of the canine 

 teeth." 



M. _Geoffroy St Hilaire characterised the sub-genus Troglodyte! 

 from immature Chimpanzees ; and as Professor Owen's observations 

 were made upon the skeleton of an adult individual, and he has 

 consequently altered the zoological characters given by Geoffrey, we 

 follow Professor Owen's definition. 



Sub-Genus Troglodyta. 

 Dental formula the same as in the human subject; namely, 



incisors, . ; canines, ; "bicuspids, 1 ; molars, - = 32. 

 42 46 



The teeth approximate in their proportionate size much more 

 nearly than those of the orang to the human teeth ; but they manifest 

 in their relative position the absence of the character which, with one 

 anomalous exception that of the fossil genus Anoplolherium is 

 peculiar, among mammifers, to man ; namely, unbroken proximity. 

 Muzzle long, truncated anteriorly; strong supraciliary ridges, 

 behind which the forehead recede* directly backwards; no cranial 

 ridges. Facial angle 8fi, excluding the supraciliary ridges. Auricles 

 large. Thirteen pairs of ribs ; bones of the sternum in a single row. 

 Arms reaching below the knee-joint Feet wide ; hallux extending 

 to the second joint of the adjoining toe. Canines large, overpassing 

 each other; the apices lodged in intervals of the opposite teeth. 

 Intermaxillary bones anchylosed to the maxillaries during the first or 

 deciduous dentition. 



Troglodytei nigtr (Geoffrey), Kimia Troglodyta (Blumenbach), the 

 Chimpanzee, Black Orang, or Pigmy. In the young state the animal 

 has been named Jocko. 



The following is the description by Dr. Trail! of a young female, 

 about 80 inches high, which was brought to Liverpool by Captain 

 Payne:" The akin appears of a yellowish-white colour, and is thinly 

 covered with long black hair on the front ; but it is considerably 

 more hairy behind. The hair on the head is rather thin, and is 



thickest on the forehead, where it divides about an inch above the 

 orbital process of the frontal bone, and running :i little backwards 

 fall down before the ears, forming whiskers on the cheeks. Here the 

 hair measures nearly two inches long ; but that on the occiput is not 

 above an inch in length. There are a few stiff black hairs on the 

 eyebrows, and a scanty eyelash. A few whitish hairs are scattered on 

 the lips, especially on the under one. The rest of the face is naked, 

 and has whitish and wrinkled skin. There is scarcely any hair on the 

 neck ; but, commencing at the nape, it becomes somewhat bushy on 

 the back. The abdomen is nearly naked. The hair on the back of 

 the head, and the whole trunk, front of the lower extremities, back 

 of the legs, and upper part of the su|>erior extremities is directed 

 downwards, while that on the back of the thigh and fore-arms is 

 pointed upwards appearances well represented in Tyson's figure. 

 The longest hair is just at the elbows. There is none on the fingers 

 or palms of either extremity. The ears are remarkably prominent, 

 thin, and naked, bearing a considerable resemblance in shape to the 

 human, though broader at the top. The projection of the process 

 above the eyes is very conspicuous, but has not been sufficiently 

 marked in any engraving or drawing which has fallen under my 

 observation. The nose is quite flat, or rather appears only as a 

 wrinkle of the skin with a slight depression along its centre. The 

 nontrils are patulous and open upwards, which would be inconvenient 

 did the animal usually assume the erect posture. The projection of 

 the jaws is excessive, and though much less so than in the baboon, 

 yet the profile of the face is concave. It may be remarked however 

 that the projection of the lower jaw is caricatured in the first and 

 second figures of Camper's second plate. The mouth is wide, the 

 lips rather thin, and destitute of that recurvation of the edges which 

 adds so much to the expression of the human countenance. The 

 spread of the shoulders is distinctly marked, but the width of the 

 lower part of the chest is proportionally greater when compared to 

 the upper than in man. From the lower ribs the diameter of the 

 abdomen decreases rapidly to the loins, where the animal i 

 liarly slender a circumstance in which it approaches the other A 

 The pelvis appears lomr and narrow, another approximation to the 

 rest of the genus. With regard to the limbs, the chief difference 

 between our specimen and Dr. Tyson's figure consists in the excessive 

 length of the arms, which in this animal descend below the knees, by 

 the whole length of the phalanges of the fingers, which are above 

 three inches in length. The same observation applies to almost 

 every figure of this animal which I have seen. The proportions in 

 the work of Camper approach nearest, in the present instance, in this 

 particular. The hand differs from the human in having the thumb 

 by far the smallest of the fingers. The foot is more properly a hand 

 appended to a tarsus. The thumb of this extremity is very long, 

 powerful, and capable of great extension. The legs are certainly 

 furnished with calves ; but they scarcely resemble the hunmn in 

 form, because they are continued of equal thickness nearly to the 

 heeL When this animal is erect the knees appear considerably bent, 

 as is the case with the other Simitr, and it stands with the limbs 

 more apart than man." Thia description applies to the various 

 specimens of this creature which have been exhibited in the Gardens 

 of the Zoological Society in Regent's Park, London. At the present 

 time (November 1853) a young male is in the collection. The lost 

 specimens were a male and female; the latter died of consumption, 

 and her disconsolate companion soon followed. 



Africa is the only part of the world known to be the residence of 

 the Chimpanzee, which it should be remembered has been confinm-.l, 

 as Cuvier observes, by almost all zoologists. The specimen des< 

 by Dr. Trail! was procured in the Isle of Prim-ec, in the Gulf of 

 Guiue v, from a native trader, who had curried it thither from the 

 banks of the Gaboon. The individual exhibited in the Egyptian 

 Hall, Piccadilly, in 1831, had been obtained by a trading vessel on the 

 river Gambia ; and those exhibited at the Gardens of the Zoological 

 Society have all been brought from the const of Africa. Cuvier gives 

 Guinea and Congo as its localities. The subject of Professor Owen's 

 paper was shut by a European at Sierra Leone. 



Habits. The habits of the Chimpanzee in a state of nature ore but 

 imperfectly known. Cuvier states that the Chimpanzees live in troops, 

 construct themselves huts of leaves, arm themselves with sticks and 

 stones, and employ these weapons to drive man and the elephant 

 from their dwellings. He also repeats the story of their pursuit of 

 the negresses and carrying them off into the woods. This report is 

 still credited in the country where they are found. Speaking of 

 Captain Payne, Dr. Trail!, in his interesting paper in the ' Wemerian 

 Transactions,' says, "The natives of Gaboon informed him Hint tlii- 

 species attains the height of five or six feet; that it is a formidable 

 antagonist to the elephant ; and' that several of them will not scruple 

 to attack the lion and other beasts of prey with clubs and stones. It 

 is dangerous for solitary individuals to travel through the w ><li 

 haunted by the orang, and instances were related to Captain Payne of 

 negro girls being carried off by this animal, who have sometimes 

 escaped to human society after having been for years detained by 

 their ravishers in a frightful captivity. These reports confirm tin- 

 narratives of the early voyagers, who have often been suspe< < 

 exaggeration ; and similar facts have been recently stated, very circum- 

 stantially, by gentlemen who have lived in Western Africa." AH it is 



