10)1 



OHIO 



CHIBOCBPRALUa 



For what purpose it is done I am quite unable to form even the most 

 remote conjecture ; it cannot be for defence, becauie the rubbish is 

 chit-fly placed above the mouth of the burrow, which enters the 

 ground at a very small inclination." 



CHIOCOCCA (from xAr and ">, a genus of plants belonging 

 to the natural order Catckonaettt. Calyx with an oval tube and an 

 acutely 5 toothed permanent limb. Corolla funnel-shaped, with an 

 obconical tube or throat, and five acute lobes. Stamens with the 

 filaments hardly adnate to the bottom of the corolla, downy, and 

 shorter than the anthers, which are inclosed and linear. Style r.itln-r 

 clavate at the apex, entire or slightly 2-lobed. Berry somewhat 

 didy ninus, compressed, crowned by the teeth of the calyx, containing 

 two chartaceous 1 -seeded pyrense. Seeds pendulous. Embryo with 

 a long superior radicle. Albumen cartilaginous. Shrubs generally with 

 a somewhat climbing habit. Leaves opposite, ovate or oblong acute, 

 glabrous. Stipules broad at the base, permanent, more or less api- 

 culatod. Racemes axillary, opposite, simple or ]>;uiieled. Flowers 

 pedicellate, of a yellowish- white colour. Rjota emetic and alexiteric. 

 C. racemnta, Racemose Snow-Berry, has oval leaves acuminated at 

 both end*, smooth ; stipule* broad at the base, and apiculated by a 

 long point at the apex ; filaments of stamens downy. It in a native 

 of the West Indian Islands and Carthagena, on hills. It is a very 

 variable shrub. The corollas at first are white and scentless, but at 

 length become yellowish and sweet-scented. The berries are snow- 

 white, hence the English name. The root has an acid bitter taste, 

 and has long been used aa a strong resolutive or attenuant ; it is 

 administered in obstinate rheumatisms, and is also an excellent emetic. 

 This is a plant commonly cultivated in gardens, and there are several 

 varieties of it. 



C. deiuijlora, Dense-Flowered Snow-Berry, has ovate rather coria- 

 ceous leaves, many-flowered racemes, the corolla much longer than 

 the calyx, the filamento densely-bearded. It is a native of Brazil, in 

 woods at Almeida and Serradas, on the mountains of Bahia, and at 

 the port of St Catherine. 



C. anyuifuya, Anguif uge Snow-Berry, has ovate acuminated leaves ; 

 stipules very broad, short, each ending in a short point; racemes 

 panicled ; corolla not quite three times longer than the calycine teeth. 

 It is a native of Brazil in woods, French Guyana, Trinidad, Peru, Cuba, 

 and on the Spanish Main. Both this and the former species are used 

 in Brazil as a certain remedy for serpent bites. An infusion of the 

 bark produces the most violent purgative and emetic effects. 



C. odorata, Sweet-Scented Snow-Berry, has broad oval leaves, rather 

 coriaceous, very blunt, acute at the base, and running down the short 

 petioles; peduncles axillary, solitary; 3-4 -flowered corolla, with a 

 bearded throat It is a native of Elizabeth Island, one of the Society 

 Islands. The flowers are described as smelling like cowslips. 



C. barlata, Bearded Flowered Snow-Berry, has oval leaves, acute 

 at the base, and tapering into short petioles, acuminated and obtuse 

 at the apex ; peduncles axillary, solitary ; 1-3-flowered ; corolla with 

 a bearded throat ; 5-cleft It is a native of the Society and Friendly 

 Islands. 



C. Jarana, Java Snow-Berry, is a parasitical shrub, with oblong 

 lanceolate leaves, acuminated at both ends, glabrous, velvety, and 

 shining above ; corymbs terminal, trichotomous. This is a native of 

 Java, on the mountains, upon trees. 



All the species of Ckiococca grow best in a mixture of loam, peat, 

 and sand, and strike freely in sand under a hand-glass. 



CHIOLITE, a Mineral found in Siberia. It has a hardness =3 '5, 



and a specific gravity=2'6 to 277. It is near Cryolite in composition 



and characters, and appears to be a fluoride of aluminum and sodium. 



CHIO'NEA (Dalman), a genus of Dipterous Insects belonging to 



the section Tipularite tcrricola. 



One species of this genus is remarkable both in its structure and 

 habits. It is less than half an inch in length ; the head is of u 

 brownish-yellow colour ; the thorax and abdomen are ashy-brown ; 

 the latter is of an oval form and rather hairy ; the legs are very long, 

 rather thick and covered with hairs, not unlike the legs of a spider, 

 and of a yellowish colour. It is perfectly destitute of wings, and in 

 found upon the snow in the woods of Sweden throughout the winter. 

 The generic characters are : Body apterous ; joints of the palpi 

 nearly equal ; antennm setaceous, 10-jointed, and covered with fine 

 hairs at the extremity ; the abdomen of the male terminated by a 

 forceps-like appendage composed of two horizontal jointed processes, 

 and that of the female is terminated by a boring instrument, or ovi- 

 positor, consisting of two valvules, placed one upon the other, oi 

 which the upper one is the longer, and composed of two plates. 



There is another insect which, though it belongs to a different order 

 (Scunptrra), resembles this species in its habiU of appearing during 

 the winter, and crawling upon the snow, as well as in being apterous, 

 a character which is of rare occurrence in either tribe. [BOBEUS.] 



Two other species of Chtonea are given in the ' Britixh Museum 

 Catalogue,' both of them inhabitants of North America. 



CHIROCEPHALUS, a genus of Entomostracoua Cnutacta belong- 

 ing to the division Brancktopoda, the order PhyUopoda, and the family 

 Brmckipodida. In this family two British genera are included 

 Arttmia [BRAifCHiopoDA] and CMrocepkalui. Artemia is duitinguishet: 

 from the latter by having the caudal segment of the body simply 

 bilobed, and not divided into plates, and has no appendages at the 



e of the cephalic horns, which are characterintic of Chirotrpkaliu. 

 Che following are the characters of t'hirorephaltu : Abdomen large, 

 consisting of nine divisions, and terminated by two well-developed 

 caudal plates or lamellar appendages; cepli ulic li..rn< of u rylindrical 

 shape, and furnished with fan-shaped and digitiform appendages 

 in the male. 



C. dutphanxt is the only species. It was apparently first noticed by 

 ..innii-u*, and called by him Cancer ttaynalu. 



The following synonym* from Dr. Baird's ' History of the British 

 3ntomostracous Crustacea,' will give some idea of the history of this 

 curious animal, as of the iuterent it has created : 



C'hirocrphalia diaphaniu, Prevent, ' Joura. de Phys.' 1803 ; Jurim-, 

 Hist. Monoc.' 



Branchiptu Prerottii, Fischer, ' Bull Soc. Imp. Nat.' Moscow, 1834. 



Ckirocephaliu Prtnatii. Thompson, ' Zool. Researches,' 1834. 



Branchipiu (V<iW-/iA.i/. lim-riii, ' Icon. Reg. An. Crust.' 



Branchiptu diaphanut, Milne-Edwards, ' Hist. Crustacete.' 



Branchipiu paladonu, Desmarest, ' Consul, gen. Crust.' ; Lamarck, 

 Hist. An. s. Vert.,' 2nd ed. 



Cancer slaynttlu (Linn, f), ' Linn. Trail*.,' vol. i. 



Cancer patudomi (?), Miiller, ' Zool. Dan. Herbst. Krabbcn.' 



Branthipiu itaynalit, Milne-Edwards, Cuv. 'Regue Animal,' edit. 

 Crochart. 



/no pitcina, Schrank, 'Faun. Boic.,' 1803. 



Marteau d'Eau douce, Duchesne, ' Man. du Naturaliste.' 



Remarkable Aquatic Insect, King, 'Phil. Trans.,' 17'. J. 

 ; latiutrii minima, Petiver, ' Gazoph. Nat.,' 1709. 



The following is Dr. Baird's description of the species : 



" When full grown it is upward* of an inch in length, slender, of h. 

 cylindrical form, and nearly perfectly transparent. The male is more 

 so than the female, but with a slight reddish tinge throughout. The 

 tail is of a bright-red ; the large basal joint of the prehensile n: 

 of a beautiful transparent bluish-green colour, tipped at the extremity, 

 where the second joint arises, with a fine red hue. The back of the 

 female is of a blue colour; and the ovary, when full of ova, of a 

 reddish-brown." 



Chirocfphalus diaphanut. 



1, Male, magnified ; aa, composite or network eye ; i *, antennir : ce, mandi- 

 Inilifiinii horni ; J, proboscidiform moveable tentacula, rolled pirallr ; e, dimple 

 rudimentary eye ; //, IcaMike natatory feet or oarn ; g, male ornn ; * 4, tail ; 

 i, terminating B'amentu ; 2, front view of the head ; S, tail of the female ; 

 *. egg-pouch ; I, female organ ; 4, a young Ohirocrphaltu after the first moult, 



This beautiful little creature is not often met with, and when found 

 is always an inhabitant of dirty, stagnant water. The places in which 

 it is found have also another peculiarity that of being dried up for 

 the greater part of the year. Thus, the most common places for it 

 are ditches by rood-sides, and cart-wheel ruts. Several localities have 

 been given for it in England ; the most common is that of Blackln .it li, 

 where in a few of the pools by the roadside, which are mostly drird 

 up during the greater part of the year, it is very abundant aft' r ruin. 

 It has also been found near Epping, near Brighton, near Bristol, near 

 Hammersmith, and in Devonshire. In the description nivm of tin in 

 by King in the 'Philosophical Transactions' fur 17(17, they 

 found in a ditch of standing water near Norwich. " They were dis- 

 covered," says Mr. King, " by a poor man, now dead, w I 

 was very extraordinary, and much superior to what is iwn.-ilU 

 in his rank. He was indefatigable in his searches after ever 

 curious, and, without ever having had any advantages of edu 

 hod acquired a degree of knowledge by no means contemptible." 



