CINCHONA. 



< IM IIOXA. 



ION 



the thick piece* obtained from branches of middle-aged trees were the 

 moot efficacious ; and the analywn of Von Santen (in Von Bergen's 

 ' Venmch einer )f onographie der China ') confirms the correctness of 

 this statement, as far as the relative amount nf Quinia yielded by 

 barks of different ages is concerned. From 100 Ibs. of Loxa Bark, he 

 obtained of Quinia 



Ounce*. 



Thin selected quills 1-(H2 . 



Moderately thick pieces 4 444 



Selected thick nieces, with rough cracked bark 11-104 



1. The second kind, Huanuco Bark, termed also Silver or Gray 

 Cinchona, has been known in Kuropean commerce only since 1799. 

 The majority of writers on the origin of the barks refer it to the C. 

 glmdulifrra. (Ruiz and Pavon, ' Kl. Peruv.') AH it is sent from 

 Huanuco to Lima for shipment, it is also called Lima bark, though 

 some apply the term Lima to a bark supposed to come from the C. 

 land/alia (Mutis). It is likewise called Havanna bark. We have 

 the authority of Poppig, as stated above, for considering it one of the 

 finest sorts of Cinchona. The variety of it termed Case. Provinciana 

 Negrilla (the Quinquina Huanuco Noiratre of the French) is likewise 

 stated by Reichel to be equal to the finest from Loxa, yet it is not 

 known in Europe except in mixture with other kinds. The explana- 

 tion of which is two-fold : first, that though the trade in this bark 

 was at first very brisk, owing to its excellent quality, the subsequent 

 shipments of it being very inferior, it fell into disrepute ; and though 

 it is now again pure and good, still it is necessary to introduce it as 

 Crown Bark. Farther, as the French give the name Lima bark to 

 another kind as above mentioned, probably the dark -ash bark, the 

 dark Ten (China Ptevdo-Loxa), the false Loxa bark, confessedly a 

 very bad bark, it has caused the genuine Lima bark to be little 

 esteemed. Farther, as the Huanuco Bark is in quills whk-h aiv 

 larger and coarser than those of the Crown Bark, the prejudice in 

 favour of thin quills operates to the disadvantage of this very excel- 

 lent sort. 



The quills are from three to fifteen inches, generally from four to 

 ten inches long, with a diameter from a few lines to one or even two 

 inches. They are in single rolls, or double and inclosed rolls ; the 

 inclosed rolls exhibit spiral windings, and frequently trace* of a sharp 

 oblique incision of the knife. This incision is not observed in the 

 case of any other kind, and it is probably made by the Cascarilleros 

 to facilitate the separation of the bark from the trunk of the tree. 

 The diameter of the bark varies from one-fourth of a line to five lines. 

 The epidermis is seldom absent, but now and then portions of it have 

 been rubbed off, and then the rusty surface of the liber is seen. The 

 epidermis is a whitish-gray, but often covered with numerous lichens, 

 chiefly Glyphit cifatricota, Graphic duplicata, Porina gra, 

 Pyrenula discolor, Mattoidea, Pnpulo, Lecanora punicea, PH 

 perforata, Slicta aurata, and Vmea Jtorida. 



The character of the cracks is more variable than in Loxa Bark, 

 few extending to the whole circumference of the bark ; in the young 

 pieces the cracks are not so deep as in the older, in which also the 

 edges are raised, giving a rough appearance to it. Some specimens 

 also between the large and extensive cracks present spaces very 

 slightly cracked, of a golden-straw or leaden-gray colour. Huanuco 

 Bark is distinguished by the brighter colour of its surface, the nmlti 

 tude of its small cracks, and the sharp oblique incisions above 

 mentioned, from the yellow or Calisaya bark (Quina regia), and the 

 Loxa bark, to both of which it bears considerable resemblance. The 

 inner surface is of a bright-cinnamon, passing into an ochre-yellow or 

 rusty hue, and is generally rough, and, especially in- the thicker quills, 

 fibrous, frequently with portions of the wood of the stem adhering 

 to it Though no satisfactory chemical analysis has been mode of it, 

 exhibiting its entire composition, yet the relative proportions of ita 

 alkaloids have been stated. It is the richest in Cinchonia of all the 

 barks hitherto examined. Qoebel, Kirst, and Von Santen say that it 

 yields this alkaloid only. Michaelis maintains that two specimens 

 analysed bv him yielded, in addition, a little Quinia. The quantit v of 

 Cinchonia is very variable. Kirst and Qoebel obtained from one pound 

 88 grains ; Von Santen from nine different specimens examined by 

 him, from one pound a quantity varying from 106J grains to 210 grains. 

 The fracture of the bark is either fibrous or splintery ; that of the 

 outer portion resinous. The odour resembles that of clay. The taste 

 acid, astringent, somewhat aromatic ; then bitter, acrid, and enduring. 

 The powder is a deep cinnamon-brown. 



8. The third kind of pale bark, called Ash, Jaen, or by corruption 

 Ten-Bark, is by Von Bergen referred to C. orata (R. and P.), which he 

 considers synonymous with the C. pubescent of Valil. It is likewise 

 called Pale Ten-Bark to distinguish it from the Dark Ten-Bark, or 

 False Loxa Bark. The quills of this kind are always crooked, 

 frequently also twisted. The epidermis is frequently absent; when 

 present, it presents bint transverse cracks, the edges of which are 

 somewhat raised, and a few longitudinal cracks or warU The bark 

 itself is of an ash-gray, whitish-gray, or light-yellow colour, with 

 brown or blackish spots. It has often a slightly shining aspect. The 

 inner surface varies rery much, sometimes smooth, sometimes with 

 long fibres attached to it, sometimes splintery, of a cinnamon or dark- 

 brown colour. The fracture is sometimes even, sometimes slightly 

 fibrous, with a faint external resinous circle. The odour is a little 



like tan, and pleasant The taste slightly acid and moderately 

 astringent, a pure but not disagreeable bitter. The accounts of it* 

 chemical composition differ muh. Von Santen says it contains 

 neither Cinchonia nor Quinia. Qoebel and Kirst from "n. ]~'im.l 

 obtained no Cinchonia, but 12 grains of Quinia ; while Michaelis says 

 in two specimens examined by him, he found both Quinia and < 'Inn 

 chonia; of the former, even 80 grains; of the latter, 12grainK. Notwith- 

 standing this last statement, this is generally nn.l .ri-ily regarded as a 

 very bad sort of pale bark, and was chiefly used to adulterate the 

 true Loxa Bark. 



The Dark Ten-Bark, or China Pseudo-Loxa, ocean generally in thin 

 or middle-sized, but seldom thick, quills. The surface exhibits trans- 

 verse cracks and longitudinal wrinkles, which often form rings a line 

 or more broad. The colour in milk-white, but covered with so many 

 lichens as to have a dark appearance. The under surface is u 

 fibrous or splintery, the fibres often very long: the colour 

 brown. The fracture is fibrous or splintery : it exhibits a resinous 

 appearance only when cut. Smells strongly like tan. The taste at 

 first enduringly acid, afterwards astringent This bark is frequently 

 purchased instead of the true Loxa Bark, and is at present of fre- 

 quent occurrence in the market Bergen considers it to be produced 

 by the C. niiiila (R. and P.) and the C. laneifotia : these are perhaps 

 only varieties the one of the other ; but whenceever obtained it in 

 very poor in alkaloids, one pound yielding only 9 grains of Kiniii and 

 12 of Cinchonia. It is held to be one of the worst kinds of pale Lark. 



The lichens and epidermis should be scraped off all pale Barks 

 before they are reduced to powder : though they increase the bulk, 

 they diminish the efficiency of the powder. 



The Yellow Barks. There an- . uily three kinds ; the Yellow Bark of 

 English commerce, whii-li l.y continental writers is called m.-r, ]\ 

 rfjia,Quina Calitaya (the Quinquina Royal, Qclbe KonigschinnV and 

 the Yellow or Carthagena Bark of the Continent comprehends 

 sorts : 1 . China flava fibrosa, China de Carthagena fi brosa, the < 

 Naranjada (of the natives) ; the Quina de Santa 6 til'p.si. or 'Aiiiua 

 de Carthagena lenosa (fibrosa), of the Spanish ; Quina de Carthagena 

 amarella lenhosa (fibrosa) of the Portuguese; Quinquina de Cartha- 

 gene fibreux, ligneux, Quinquina Orange (of the Frvneh); H 

 Gelbe China, Holzige Carthogenarinde (of the Germans). 2. China 

 flava dura, Chinalutea, China de Carthagena dura, Qnina Naranjada 

 de Santa F<5, Quina aurantiaca, Quina de Santa Ke", or Quina 

 thagena dura (Spanish) ; Quinade Cartagena ainarilla dura ( Portuguese); 

 Quinquina de Carthagene, or Quinquina flava dura (French) ; Harte 

 Gelbe China, Harte Carthagenarinde. This is the Orange Bark of 

 Mutis, which he says is obtained from C. lancifiilin. Bergen and 

 Goebel ascribe it to C. cordifolia (Mutis), which some deem synony- 

 mous with C. pubescent (Vahl.), which species ia therefore stated alone 

 to yield the yellow bark ; but this only applies to the yellow bark 

 of the Continent, for the source of the Yellow Bark of English 

 mcrce must be considered as yet undetermined. We shall limit our 

 description to this last kind, as the best known in this country, and at 

 the same time the most valuable. This occurs in two forms quills and 

 flat-pieces; the quills were formerly most prized, but all well-informed 

 persons now prefer the flat pieces as much richer in Quinia. The 

 quills are in general in single, seldom in doul.le rolls, the diann-i. , ; 

 which is mostly greater than even the largest quills of pale Loxa Bark, 

 being from a quarter of an inch to an inch, the length from 4 to 24 

 inches, occasionally containing smaller quills inside the larger. The 

 thickness of the bark varies from one-eighth to one-fourth of an ineh. 

 The external surface is generally grayish-brown, inclining to bla. 

 yellowish, or whitish, according to the kind of lichen by which it is 

 beset Few pieces are quite free from lichens ; many specimens exhi- 

 bit the wax-yellow thallus of Ltpra Jtara (Acha.), which appears as if 

 fused upon it : this is a very characteristic mark, when present, of 

 Calisaya bark. The quills seldom have the epidermis removed. 1m li 

 has both transverse and longitudinal cracks, which penetrate do 

 the bark itself, as their traces con be perceived upon it even when the 

 epidermis has been removed. The transverse cracks frequently extend 

 over the whole circumference of the piece, yet they are mueh inter- 

 rupted by longitudinal cracks and furrows (this is more especially the 

 case with the thinnest quills) ; but all of them have raised edges, 

 resembling those of Loxa Bark. Where the epidermis is w:u 

 the colour of the exposed part is of a cinnamon or rusty-brown hue. 

 The colour of the inner surface varies according to the age of the 1 >ark. 

 Generally it is a deep cinnamon, in recent barks verging to reddish ; 

 in older specimens it in paler, or a rusty-yellow. The transverse frac- 

 ture is in the thinner quills smooth, in the larger fibrous, splintery, or 

 vitreous; a resinous circle is under the epidermis. Tin- longitudinal 

 fracture is generally uneven, and delicately fibrous : this kind of bark 

 i* easily broken. 



The flat Yellow Bark, or that in splints, occurs either with tin- .pi 

 dermis, or di\.-sted of it (China reyia nuda). Pieces retaining the 

 epidermis are generally from one to five inches broad, Kenerally quite 

 flat, but sometimes slightly curved, from three to lift,., n in. I,, 

 and from one quarter to three-quarters of an inch thick. The charac- 

 ters of the epidermis correspond with that above described : the 

 uncoated kind is most frequent, and occurs in splints (mm on.- to 

 eight lines thick. The colour varies, but is generally u red. I, 

 rusty-brown, and U nearly the same on both surfaces, so that in pieces 



