CINCHONA. 



CINERARIA. 



lose 



which have become convex on the inner aide, and concave on the outer, 

 as often happens, it is difficult to determine which was the exterior ; 

 this is by far the best kind of yellow bark. 



Adulteration of Yellow Bark is not very easy, but a kind of humalia- 

 like bark used to be substituted for it. 



The odour of genuine Yellow Bark is slightly that of tan. The taste 

 is faintly acid, strongly but not unpleasantly bitter, aromatic, stimu- 

 lating, and slightly astringent. 



The analyses of uncoated Yellow Bark (Calisaya) by Pelletier and 

 Caventou show its composition to be super-kinate of quinia, fatty 

 matter, slightly soluble red colouring-matter (red cinchonic acid), 

 soluble red colouring-matter (more than in gray bark), tannin, kinate 

 of lime, lignin, amylum. When the uncoated kind is analysed, some 

 Cinchonia is obtained. By a comparative analysis it is found that a 

 pound of flat uncoated yellow bark yields nearly twice as much 

 Quinia as the quilled sort, a point of much importance to the pre- 

 parers of that alkaloid. The Carthagena yellow barks both contain 

 Quinia, but in less quantity than the Calisaya bark; the hard 

 Carthagena bark, in addition, yields Cinchonia, but not the fibrous 

 kind. 



The Red Bark, of which one kind only is known in English trade, 

 is generally referred to C. oblongifolia ; though many doubts may be 

 held on this head. Bergen is much more disposed to consider the 

 C. oblonyifolia as the source of the China Nova, or Surinam bark, 

 which is not officinal in Britain ; this also is doubtful. Red bark 

 has been known for 130 years, but was not much used in Europe till 

 1779. It occurs in quills and flat pieces, most frequently in the 

 latter form. The quills are rolled singly, or doubly, from 4 to 15, 

 but generally from 4 to 6 inches long, and from a few lines to 1 inch 

 in diameter, the bark being from 1 to 4 lines thick. The figure of 

 the flat pieces is variable, being generally very much broken, fre- 

 quently with the epidermis entire ; but this is often partially, seldom 

 or never completely, absent. The length is generally from 4 to 24 

 inches, the thickness from ^ to 1 inch, and the breadth 1 to 3 inches. 

 The quills most frequently have the epidermis entire ; some of them 

 have a whitish-yellow, or grayish-white epidermis (interrupted by 

 longitudinal and irregularly transverse cracks), a red hue shining 

 through it. In fact, even in pieces with the epidermis entire, and 

 covered with many lichens, the red hue is seen ever shining through 

 a characteristic mark of this kind of bark. The flat pieces have 

 generally an amazing number of lichens upon them. In these pieces 

 also what is called the rete mucosum is often very spongy. Warty 

 bodies are found on some varieties. The inner surface is a reddish- 

 brown, varying in intensity. The fracture in thin quills is smooth, 

 in those of a moderate thickness fibrous, and in thick quills and flat 

 pieces fibrous and splintery : the epidermis, when penetrated by the 

 resinous principle, exhibits a vitreous shining ring. 



Pelletier and Caventou analysed a specimen of the variety free from 

 warts, and found it to contain 



Superkinate of Quinia 1 . , ... 



Superkinate of Cinchonia } m lar & e 1 uantlt y- 



Slightly soluble red colouring-matter, or red 

 Cinchonic Acid. 



Soluble red colouring-matter (tannin). 



Yellow colouring-matter ; fatty matter. 



Kinate of Lime. Woody Fibre. Starch. 



The relative proportions of Quinia and Cinchonia differ in different 

 specimens ; a pound of bark yielding in some instances 70 grains of 

 Cinchonia and 77 grains of sulphate of quinia, in others 184 grains 

 of Cinchonia and only 9 grains of sulphate of quinia. 



THe Humalies, or Brown Bark, is not known in English commerce ; 

 its source is not accurately determined. 



Several inferior kinds, and others erroneously reputed to be 

 Cinchona barks, are met with, either accidentally or fraudulently 

 mixed with or passed for the genuine ; but they may be known by 

 not possessing the characters of the best kinds as given above. 



Dr. Lindley, in his ' Flora Medica,' gives the following as the 

 result of his inquiries with regard to the barks used in medicine : 



(a). Pale Barla . 



Crown, or Loxa Bark . 

 Silver, Gray, or Huanuco Bark 

 Ash-Bark .... 

 White Loxa Bark . 



(b). Yellow Barks : 

 Yellow Bark 



Calisaya 



Carthagena Bark . 



Cusco Bark .... 



(c). Red Barkt . 



Red Cinhona, or Bark of Lima 

 Cinchona Novex 



(d). Brown Barkt : 

 Humalies Bark 



C. Condaminea. 

 C. micrantha. 



[C. lanceolata. 

 C. hinuta. 

 C. nitida. 

 C'. lanceolata. 

 C'. cordifolia. 



. C. magnifolia. 

 C. purpurea. 



In the 'London Pharmacopoeia,' published by the College of 

 Physicians for 1851, the following Barks are recognised : 



f C. Calisaya, 

 Weddell. 



C. flava (regia), (C. cordifolia, ' Ph.' 1836) 



C. pallida (de Loxa), (C. lancifolia, ' Ph.' 1836) j 



C. species 

 incerta. 



C. rubra (C. oblongifolia 'R.' 1S36) 



CINCHONA'CE^E, Cinchonads, the Cinchona-Tribe, a natural 

 order of Monopetalous Exogenous Plants, with an inferior fruit, a 

 regular corolla, seeds containing a small embryo in the midst of 

 horny albumen, and opposite undivided leaves with stipules placed 

 between their petioles. This brief character distinguishes a most 

 extensive and important assemblage of plants, comprehending many 

 of the most useful species we are acquainted with. The bark of the 

 order is very generally tonic, aromatic, and febrifugal, and its energy 

 is attested by the well-known use of that of Cinchona itself, to say 

 nothing of the numerous other genera fit to be employed as sub- 

 stitutes for Jesuit's Bark. [CINCHONA.] The albumen of the seeds 

 when roasted affords, in the case of coffee, a fragrant, stimulating, 

 and agreeable principle [COFFEA] ; and the roots of many herbaceous 

 kinds possess active emetic properties. True Ipecacuanha is the 

 produce of Cephcelis Ipecacuanha [CEPH.SSUS], but many other 

 Cinchonaceous plants resemble it in their medicinal qualities, and 

 are perhaps mixed with it in commerce. Cinchonacece are the 

 Rubiacece of many botanists ; but as it appears advisable to separate 

 Rubia and its allies into a distinct order, on account of the absence 

 of stipules, and for other reasons [STELLATE], it is necessary to alter 

 the name of the remainder of the group ; and as a type of the order, 

 when circumscribed, Cinchona is unexceptionable. 



The Honeysuckles were also referred to Rubiacece, but are now 

 separated under the name of Caprifoliacea. With these two orders 

 Cinchonacece has undoubtedly the greatest affinity. It is also related 

 to the Composite, and through the genus Lygodysodea to the Umbel- 

 liferce. Some of the genera of this order exhibit a tendency in their 

 sepals to revert to the foliar condition after the petals have fallen. 

 This is the case with Musscenda and Calycophyllum. [CALY- 

 COPHYLLUM.] 



Cinchonads are found exclusively in the hotter parts of the world, 

 where they are so common as to constitute not less than one-twenty- 

 ninth part of the whole of the vegetation. The order comprises 

 269 genera and 2500 species. The most valuable of these are 

 undoubtedly the species of Cinchona, but many important plants 

 besides these are yielded by this order. The genera Pinckneya, 

 Condaminea, Guettarda, Antirhea, Morinda, Hymenodictyon, and 

 Ophiorhha, all afford species which yield barks regarded as febrifuge 

 and astringent in the treatment of disease. Some of the species 

 yield tannin, as the Uncaria. Gambier, from which a kind of Catechu 

 or Kino is prepared. The species of Chiococca [CHIOCOCCA] have 

 active properties. Only a few species yield food. " The Genipap, a 

 South American fruit, as large as an orange, of a whitish-green 

 colour, but containing a dark purple juice, with an agreeable vinous 

 taste, is borne by Genipa Americana. Sarcocephalua esculentus is the 

 edible peach of Sierra-Leone. Vanguerio, edulis, or Voa-vanga is 

 said to be a good dessert fruit in Madagascar. Genipa Brasiliensis is 

 also eaten in Brazil, but Martins says that it is only fit for table after 

 becoming bletted, and that it is better when preserved with sugar 

 than when fresh. Some of the bushes called in Tasmania native 

 currants are Coprosmas, but they are not of good quality." 

 (Lindley). 



Several genera, as Oldenlandia, Psychotria, Genipa, Condaminea, 

 and Hydrophylax, yield colouring-matters used in dyeing. Some 

 species are remarkable for their fragrance and beauty, especially 

 amongst the genera Gardenia, Hindsia, Posequeria, Ixora, Bouvardia, 

 Catesbcea. 



(Lindley, Vegetable Kingdom.) 



CINCINNURUS. [BIRDS OF PARADISE.] 



CINCLOSO'MA, a group of Thrushes, characterised by Dr. Horsfield 

 and Mr. Vigors. [MERULID^;.] 



CINCLUS, a genus of Insessorial Dentirostral Birds, belonging to 

 the family Merulidtr,. C. aquaticus is the Common Dipper of British 

 ornithologists. [MERULID.E.] 



CINERA'RIA, a genus of Plants belonging to the natural order 

 Composite?, the sub-order Corymbiferai, the tribe Eupatoriacecs, the 

 sub-tribe Senecionece, and the division Eusenecionece. It closely 

 resembles Senecio [SENKCIO], and differs from that genus in its 

 involucre being composed of one row of equal scales only. Two 

 species are found in Great Britain. 



C. palustris, a shaggy plant with a much branched stem which 

 is corymbose above ; leaves broadly lanceolate, half-clasping, the lower 

 leaves sinuate-dentate. It has a stem 3 feet high, thick, hollow, and 

 leafy. The florets are of a bright-yellow colour. It inhabits ditches 

 in fenny districts, and was at one time a more abundant plant in 

 England than it is at present. 



C. campestrii, a shaggy plant, with a simple stem ; the root-leaves 

 oblong, nearly entire, narrowed below ; the stem-leaves lanceolate, 

 heads corymbose, involucre woolly below nearly glabrous in the 

 upper half; the fruit hispid. It has a stem 6 or 8 inches high with 



