] 



CIRRIPEDIA. 



DOS 



body of the Cirripede ; B, B, the muscular cylindrical pipe op. n. in 

 which the eggs an- seen ; e, r, the coane of the ovarian tubes in the 

 thickness of the second envelope; g,g,g, the envelope opened and turned 

 back ; J, J, J, the proper membrane of the body of the animal ; it in 

 with this cavity that the canal b communicate*, and it U between thin 

 proper membrane and that of the second envelope g, g, g, that the eggs 

 are found : whence it result* that the cavity of the mantle has no com- 

 munication with the peduncle, except by means of the oviduct t. 



fi;r. '>. Side view of the common Duck Barnacle (Lrpat anatifera) 

 tnk.-n out of the shell, enveloped in it* proper membrane, under 

 which in found the salivary (?) vesicle; V, the cervical ganglion; 

 r, the nerve which is given off from the brain to go to the muscles of 

 the skin ; J, the two levator muscles of the upper lip ; K K, branchito ; 

 A, a horny tubercle which is formed on each side of the orifice of 

 the vent ; U', the extremity of the tube, bearded with fine hairs. 

 Pig. 6. Anterior view of the same, showing the truly articulated 

 disposition of the body, each ring of which corresponds to a pair of 

 S, the adductor muscle of the valves ; U'. thS articulated tube 

 which contains the spermatic canal. Fig. 7. The intestinal canal of 

 the same species ; D, the mouth seen from the side ; d, the (esophagus ; 

 d', the stomach ; f, the peduncle which makes this organ communicate 

 with a species of cspcum, d'", of the same structure and form as the 

 stomach ; T, the intestinal canal, offering two natural curvatures ; h, 

 orifice of the rectum ; U U, vesieulre seminales, uniting in a single 

 canal very delicate, and terminated at U' by a small orifice, fig. 8. 

 Disposition of the nervous system : 1. The first casophageal ganglion, 

 called the brain : from these united ganglions spring the branches v, 

 r', r", destined for all the muscles of the dorsal part, and two 

 extremely delicate threads which go on each side, the first to the 

 salivary vesicle V, the second to a new ganglion Z ; 2. The second 

 ganglion, sending two nervous branches to each jaw-foot F, and small 

 branches to the oesophagus; 3, 4, 6, 6 correspond to the other 

 ganglions ; 6 furnishes the two last pairs of feet. It is from the 

 branches which go to the last feet, and not from the ganglions them- 

 selves, that the two threads y and g', which go to the extremity, U', 

 of the tube are detached. The point x corresponds to the centre of 

 the oesophagus which has been removed. 



The process of exuviation takes place in the Cirripedia. Mr. Darwin 

 ays, " In the Ltpadidce, with the exception of the genus Litlwtrya, 

 in which the calcareous scales on the peduncle together with the 

 membrane connecting them is cast off, neither the valves nor the 

 membrane uniting them, nor that forming the peduncle with its scales, 

 are moulted ; but the surface gradually disintegrates, and ie removed, 

 perhaps sometimes in flakes ; whilst new, and larger layers are formed 

 beneath. In most Sessile Cirri pedea the outside membrane connecting the 

 operculum and shell is regularly moulted. The delicate tunic lining 

 the sac and the integuments of the whole body are periodically shed. 

 With these integuments, the membrane lining the oesophagus, the 

 rectum, the deep olfactory pouches, and the horny apodemes of the 

 maxilla; are all moulted together. The new spines on the cirri are 

 formed within the old ones. 



"All Cirripcdia grow rapidly; the yawl of H.M.S. Beagle was 

 lowered into the water at the Galapagos Archipelago on the 15th of 

 September, and after an interval of exactly thirty-three days wan 

 hauled in a,-ain. I found on her bottom a specimen of Conchodcrma 

 rirgata with the capitiilum and peduncle, each half an inch in length 

 and the former fa ths in width ; thin is half the size of the largest 

 specimen I have seen of this species. Several other individuals, not 

 half the size of the above, contained numerous ova in their lamella?, 

 ready to burst forth. Supposing that the larva; of the largest specimen 

 became attached the first day the boat was put into the water, we have 

 the metamorphosis, an increase of length from about '05 of a inch, the 

 size of the larva, to a whole inch, and the laying of probably several 

 sets of eggs, all effected in thirty -three days. From this rapid growth 

 repeated exuviations mast be requisite. Mr. W. Thompson, of Belfast, 

 kept twenty specimens of Balaniu baUatoida, a form of much slower 

 growth, alive, and on the twelfth day he found the twenty-first integu- 

 ment, showing that all had moulted once, and one individual twice 

 within this period. I may here add that the Pedunculated Cirripedes 

 never attain so large a bulk as the Sessile. Lepai anatifcra is some- 

 times 16 inches in length, but of this the far greater portion consists 

 of the peduncle. Potticipat mitetla is the most massive kind ; I have 

 seen a specimen with a capitiilum two-thirds of an inch in width." 



The Pedunculated Cirripedes extend over the whole world; and 

 most of the individual species have large ranges, more especially, as 

 might have been expected, those attached to floating objects. Excepting 

 these latter, the greater number inhabit the warmer, temperate, and 

 tropical seas. Of those attached to fixed object*, or to littoral animals, 

 H is rare to find more than three or four species in the same locality. 

 On the shores of Europe Mr. Darwin cays he knows of only three, 

 namely, Stalpdtum, Potiicipft, and Altpai. At Madeira (owing to the 

 admirable researches of the Rev. R. T. Lowe) two I'ncilnmnt, a 

 JHfMrupit, and an Orynatpit are known. In New Zealand there are 

 two PoUifipt* and an Atrptu, and perhaps a fourth form. From the 

 Philippine Archipelago, in the great collection made by Mr. Cumin;'. 

 there arc a Pfnlatma, an /Mo, a ,Hra//>e(lNm, TV/iei'po, and /.< 

 Of all the Ltpadida nearly half are attached to floating objects or to 

 animals which are able to change their position ; the other half are 



generally attached to fixed organic or inorganic bodies, and more 

 frequently to the former than to the latter. Most of the species of 

 Priuptllum are inhabitant* of deep water ; on the other hand most of 

 Pollifipn, of fhla, and of Lithotrya are littoral forms. The species of 

 Lilhnlri/a have the power of excavating burrows in calcareous rocks, 

 shells, and corals ; and the singular manner in which this is effected 

 is described in Mr. Darwin's work. Anelatma has its sub-globular 

 peduncle deeply imbedded in the flesh of northern sharks, and 

 instances have occurred of the basal end of the peduncle of C'onrAo- 

 ilrrma aurilit being sunk into the skin of Cctacea ; in the same way the 

 point of the peduncle in the male of 7 Ma is generally deeply embedded 

 in the sac of the female. In all these rases the cementing sub- 

 stance affects and injures the corium or true kin of the animal on 

 which the creature is parasitic, while the surrounding parts lieiug 

 not injured continue to grow upwards, thus causing the partial 

 embedment of the Cirripede. In the case of Anelama, we have 

 growth at the end of the peduncle, and consequently downward 

 pressure, and this may possibly cause absorption to take place in the 

 skin of the shark at the spot pressed on. 



Arrangement of the Family. * 

 Class, Cruttacta ; Sub-Class, Cirriprdin. 



Cruttatea attached by the anterior end of the head by cement, 

 proceeding from a modified portion of the ovaria : archetype composed 

 of 17 segments, with the first three of large size, and almost always 

 developed into a carapace not wholly exuviated, and capable of 

 various movements ; antenna; none ; eyes rudimentary ; mouth 

 prominent, formed by the partial confluence of the labrum, palpi, 

 mandibles, and two pairs of maxilla*. Thorax attached to tin 

 nal sternal surface of the carapace, generally bearing six pairs of 

 captorial, biramous, multi-articulated limbs. Abdomen generally 

 rudimentary. Branchiae, when present, attached to the under sides 

 of the carapace. Bisexual ; when unisexual, males parasitic on the 

 female ; male organ single, generally probosciformed, seated at the 

 posterior end of the abdomen. Oviducts none. Metamorphosis complex. 



Order I. TThoracien.'t* 



Cirripeilia having a carapace consisting either of a capitiilum on n 

 peduncle, or of an operculated shell with a basis. Body formed of six 

 thoracic segments, generally furnished with six pairs of cirri, 

 men rudimentary, but often bearing caudal appendages. Mouth itli 

 the labrum not capable of independent movements. Larva firstly 

 iiniociilnr, with three pairs of legs ; lastly, binocular, with six pairs of 

 thoracic legs. 



Family 1. Bain 



Cirriptdia without a peduncle ; scuta and terga furnished with 

 depressor muscles ; other valves united immovably together. 



This family was well known to the ancients. The genera seem to 

 have been all confounded under the name of BdAiwor (Bolanus) by tin* 

 Greeks. (Aristotle, ' Hist. Anim.,' book iv. ch. 8, and book v. ch. 15.) 

 Athenaeus mentions them more than once ; and (' Deipnos,' book iii. 

 ch. 11, p. 88) speaks of the large ones with approbation as an article 

 of food. They are the Jialani of the Latins ; nor did LucuUus dis- 

 dain them. The Chinese eat the soft parts of one of the species 

 (Balanui linlinnabulttm), which has the reputation of being like the 

 flesh of the lobster vhen cooked ; and the delicious qualities of another 

 species, and its high estimation for the table, are referred to in another 

 place. [BALANUS.] 



Sub-Family. BaJan . 



Shell with the rostrum without olio, but having radii ; the lateral 

 compartments all with alic on one side and radii on the oth.-r; 

 parietes generally either porose or longitudinally ribbed on their inner 

 surfaces. 



Section J. 



Scutum and tergum articulated together or overlapping each 

 other : each bronchia composed of a single plicated fold. 



Genus, JSalanwt Auctorum. Compartments six ; basis calcareous 

 or membranous ; opercular valves sub-triangular. 



We ar Indebted to Mr. Darwin for the following arrangement, the flrnt 

 volume of whone great work on the Cirriprdia, including the LrptuMir, pub- 

 linhcd by the Ray Bociety ban alone at present been published. 



t The external parts of Ctrripedc* conit either of a Shrll with an Oprrrtilum 

 and th< limit, or of a Cnpitulum (an called by Mr. Darwin), which i* hom< 

 with the nhtll and operculum, mounted on a 7Wune/<*, which again i-* homolo- 

 gous with the basi*. The two valve*, to which the animal'* body i attached, 

 and which hare the power of opening and hutting, are called by .Mr. ! 

 the Srula ; a second pair of valren, bounding the orifice, .11 that end at which 

 the cirri arc exwrted, arc called the Ttrgti. At thin name end of the tthrll, nr 

 capltulum, the medial valve or compartment ia called the Carina ; the tni'<li:il 

 valve or compartment at the opponltc end In called the Jlntlmm : the principal 

 ralren or compartment* on each aide are called the rnslro-latrrtil, tnt- > 

 enrinn-laltrnl , or oimply the lateral compartment* or Latfra. In the Jtaliiin<l,r 

 each neparate compartment may be ald to conii>t of the mill or pnri,<nl port ion 

 (generally wedge-formed, with the apex upward*}, and with a Radiiu (either 

 nn one or both aide*), or with an Ala (either on one or both*ide) : the Aln i* a 

 quadrangular projection, alway* overlapped by the arijoiniti'- i' ; the 



Jiadiut ban uoually the hape of a wedge, with the apex downward* ; it 

 rlor, and overlap* tbe adjoining compartmrnt. 



