1117 



CIRRIPEDIA. 



CISTELIDES. 



1118 



thrown all others into the shade. The result of his inquiries into the 

 extinct history of the Cirripedia has been given in a work published 

 by the Palseontographical Society, which, although more immediately 

 intended to illustrate the fossil Pedunculated Cirripedes of Great 

 Britain, embraces an outline of the whole subject as far as it is known. 

 In our remarks we shall follow Mr. Darwin. " No true Sessile Cirri- 

 pede," he says, "has hitherto been found in any Secondary formation. 

 Considering that at the present time many species are attached to 

 oceanic floating objects, that many others live in deep water in con- 

 gregated masses, that their shells are not subject to decay, and that 

 they are not likely to be overlooked when fossilised, this seems to be 

 one of the cases in which negative evidence is of considerable value." 

 Often observers have searched with great care amongst the Secondary 

 rocks and have met with nothing that bear the characters of the 

 Balanida: of the present day. The Sessile Cirripedes are first met 

 with in the Eocene deposits of the Tertiary formations, and subse- 

 quently often in abundance in the same formation. They appear how- 

 ever never to have abounded so greatly as at the present time, so that 

 Mr. Darwin says, " The present period will hereafter apparently have 

 as good a claim to be called the age of Cirripedes as the Palfeozoic 

 period has to be called the age of Trilobites." He adds, "There is 

 one apparent exception to the rule that Sessile Cirripedes are not 

 found in Secondary formations, for I am enabled to announce that 

 Mr. J. de C. Sowerby has in his collection a Verruca from our English 

 Chalk ; but this genus, though hitherto included amongst the Sessile 

 Cirripedes, must, when its whole organisation is taken into considera- 

 tion be ranked in a distinct family of equal value with the Balanidce 

 and Lepadid<, but perhaps more nearly related to the latter than to 

 the Sessile Cirripedes." 



The oldest known Pedunculated Cirripede is a'species of Pollicipes 

 discovered by Professor Buckman in the Stonesfleld Slate in the 

 Lower Oolite, and two species of the same genus have been 

 described by Mr. Morris from the Oxford Clay in the Middle Oolite. 

 No Cirripede has yet been found in the Upper Oolite, or in the 

 Wealden Beds. During the development of the great Cretaceous 

 system, the Ltpadidce arrived at their culminating point. At this 

 time there existed 3 genera and at least 32 species, some occurring 

 at every stage of the system. In addition to the species described 

 there are several doubtful, and by future research many more will 

 undoubtedly be added to the present list. 



Although rich in species, the individuals in the Chalk oceans 

 seemed to have been rare, if we may judge from the few remains of 

 particular species that exist in any one collection. It is not always 

 the case that a great variety of species is attended with a multiplicity 

 of individuals, although that is frequently observed. 



In the Eocene, Miocene, and Pliocene Tertiary deposits, Mr. Darwin 

 has met with but two species of Scalpellum and two of Pollicipes, 

 distinct from recent forms. Two or three species are doubtful. It 

 is a singular fact that, widely distributed as are the species of Lepas 

 at the present day, and the frequency of the individuals, not a 

 single valve known certainly to belong to this genus or to any of 

 the closely allied genera, has hitherto been found fossil. 



The following is a table of the species described in Mr. Darwin's 

 monograph : 



Table of Distribution of Specie* and the Formations where they arc found. 



Scalpellum magnum 

 S. quadratum 

 S. fossula . 



S. mflximum . 



S. lineatum 

 fS. hastatttm . 



ft. auyustum 



S. quadricarinatum, 

 fi. trilineafum 

 ft. simplex 

 ft. arcuatum 

 S. tuberculatum 

 f*. solidulum 

 S. femiporcatum 

 S. Crete (I) . 

 Pottiripes </ 

 P. Ooliticus 

 P. ffilssonii . 

 P. Haturmanni . 

 P. politus 

 P. elonyat'ju 

 P. acuminatus 

 P. Angelini 

 P. rejlexut 

 P. carinatui 

 P. ylaber 



/'. iilii/llln . 



P. nil ill ii n 



P. yrarilis . 

 P. dorsatiu . 



. Tertiary. 

 . Tertiary. 

 . Upper Chalk. 



{Faxoe. Scania. Maestricht. Upper 

 Chalk. 



. Lower Chalk. 

 . Chalk Marl. 



/ Upper Chalk (?), Lower Chalk (?), Chalk 

 'I Marl(?). 

 . Chalk Marl. 

 . Chalk Marl. 

 . Lower Greensand. 

 . Gault. 



. Upper Chalk, Lower Chalk, Chalk Marl. 

 . Scania. Upper Chalk. 

 . Scania. Upper Chalk. 

 . Upper Chalk. 

 . Lower Oreensand. 

 . Lower Oolite. 

 . Scania. Upper Chalk. 

 . Gault. 



. Upper Greensand (?). 

 . Upper Chalk. 



Lower Chalk. 



. Scania. England. Upper Chalk. 

 . Tertiary. 

 . Tertiary. 



. Upper Chalk, Lower Chalk, Chalk Marl. 

 . Gault, Lower Greensand. 

 . Scania. Maestricht. Upper Chalk. 

 . Upper Chalk, Lower Chalk. 



Faxoe. Upper Chalk. 



P. striatus .... Upper Chalk. 



P. semilatus . . . . Upper Chalk, Lower Chalk, Chalk Marl. 



P. riffidus .... Gault. 



n f n I" Scania. England. Hanover. Upper 



^ }a(t ' '{ Chalk. 



P. elegans .... Faxoe. Scania. Upper Chalk. 



P. Bronnii . . . . Upper Greensand. 



P. planulatus . . . . Lower Greensand. 



Loricula pulchella . . . Lower Chalk. 



CIS, a genus of Coleopterous Insects of the family Ptinidce (Leach). 

 They are minute Beetles which infest the various species of Boleti. 

 They are of an oblong nearly cylindrical form, and generally of a 

 brown colour : their tarsi are 4-jointed, and the antenna; have the 

 basal joint large, and the three apical joints forming a club. Four- 

 teen species have been discovered in this country, the largest of 

 which is scarcely one-eighth of an inch in length. 



CISSA'MPELOS, a genus of Plants belonging to the natural order 

 Menispermacece. It is dioecious ; the sepals 8, in a triple series ; the 

 stamens united into a slender column dilated at the apex, bearing 

 two 2-celled anthers opening horizontally. The species are twining 

 shrubs with triangular leaves, shining on the upper and pubescent on 

 the under surface. 



C. Pareira, the Pareira-Brava, is a native of several of the West 

 India Islands, of Mexico, and of Brazil. The root of this plant 

 arrives in Europe in pieces from two to three feet long, varying 

 in thickness from that of a finger to an arm, curved, furrowed, 

 and warty, with a thin closely-adhering bark of a grayish-brown 

 colour. The .woody part is tough, but so porous that air can be 

 blown from one end to the other of a long piece ; the concentric 

 circles are very conspicuous; the axis is not in the centre. The 

 odour is very faint, but the taste is at first sweetish or liquorice-like, 

 afterwards nauseous and bitter. Analysed by Feneuille it was found 

 to consist of soft resin ; a yellow bitter principle (tonic) ; a brown 

 principle ; animalised matter, starch, malate of lime, nitrate of pot- 

 ash, and other salts. The juice of the fresh plant in its. native country 

 is said to be a very efficacious application to the bites of serpents ; 

 but in Europe the root is employed only as a tonic diuretic. 



There is great reason to believe that the roots of several different 

 species of this or closely-allied genera are confounded under the 

 name of Pareira-Brava, especially the root of C. Canpeba, also of C. 

 Mauritania (Aubl.), which is mxich esteemed in the East Indies 

 given along with aromatics in diseases of the intestines. Several 

 other species of Cissampelos, on account of their prominent bitter 

 properties, have been used in medicine. Two species of Abuta, an 

 allied genus, A. rufescens (Aubl.), and A. candicans (Decand.), are 

 used in Guyana under the name of White and Red Pareira-Brava. 

 . CISSUS. [VITACBJ;.] 



CISTA'CE JE, a natural order of Polypetalous Exogenous Plants, be- 

 longing to Lindley's Calycose Group ; among which they are known by 

 their opposite or alternate undivided leaves, generally strongly impreg- 

 nated with a fragrant resinous secretion, regular flowers with crumpled 

 petals and indefinite stamens, and fruit with parietal placentse ; a 

 simple style, and a large number of seeds containing in the midst of 

 albumen an embryo with the radicle remote from the hilum. They 

 are remarkable for the beauty of their fugitive flowers in the genera 

 Cistus&ad Jfeliamthemum. [CISTUS ; HELIANTHEMUM ; COCHLOSPEBMUM.] 

 The relations of Cistacea; are with Cruciferce, Capparidacece, Ster- 

 culiacew, and Hypericacea;. It contains 7 genera and about 190 species. 

 They are chiefly found in the south of Europe and the north of 

 Africa. They are rare in North America, extremely uncommon in 

 South America, and scarcely known in Asia. (Lindley, ' Vegetable 

 Kingdom.') 



CISTELA. [CISTELIDES.] 



CISTE'LIDES, a family of Coleopterous Insects of the section 

 Heteromera. and sub-section Stenelytra. The species have the fol- 

 lowing characters : Claws of the tarsi pectinated beneath ; antenna) 

 with the basal joint free, that is, not covered by a projecting portion 

 of the head ; mandibles with the apex entire. 



This family includes the genera Lystronichus, Cistela, Mycetocharus, 

 A llecula, and some others. 



Lystronichus. Of this genus there are upwards of thirty species 

 known ; their colouring is for the most part brilliant and metallic ; 

 by far the greater portion of them are found in South America. They 

 have the thorax depressed, and with the posterior part as wide as the 

 elytra, or nearly so ; the antennas are filiform, sometimes growing 

 slightly thicker towards the apex. 



Cistela. The characters of this genus are : Head long and some- 

 what pointed in front ; labrum in width and length nearly equal ; 

 anteiimc rather long, sometimes serrated, or with most of the joints 

 triangular ; body elongate-ovate ; thorax broader behind than before. 



Nearly forty species of this genus are known, most of which inhabit 

 Europe, and four or five are found in this country. 



C. Ceramboides is nearly half an inch in length ; black with ochre- 

 coloured elytra, and, like most of the insects of this section, is found 

 in flowers. 



C. sulphured, (Allecula sulphwea of some authors) is about one-third 

 of an inch in length, and its colour is pale-yellow throughout. This 



