1IJ.I 



CIVET. 



rt.AI'i.NIA. 



1IM 



growing in cluster*, furmi a larger tree than any other Cilrnt the 

 fruit u about as large as the fist ; it in what the West Indian* call the 

 Grape-Fruit. 



6. C. f.nmia, the Sweet Iximon. Leaves like those of the lemon. 



ii< reil externally. Fruit with the flesh and rind of a lemon, 

 but with the pulp tweet, and thn cysts in the rind both convex and 

 concave. There can be no doubt that thin in a mere variety of 

 the next specie*, from which it only differ* in tin- want of acidity in 

 the pulp. Many aorta are known in orange countries, of which one, 

 the Commander'* Pear, resemble* very much a Urge BeurnS Pear ; 

 tli. ir fruit is seldom seen in England. 



7. C. /.imoiiNin, the True Lemon (Citronnier of tin- IV 

 Leaves ovate-oblong, usually serrulated, pale green, with A winged 

 stalk. Flowers middle-sized, red externally. Fruit oblong, very 

 uneven, now and then almost round, with a pale-yellow fragrant 

 rind, dotted with concave cysts. Pulp juicy. and very acid. Of this 

 species the cultivators take little plins to distinguish the varieties. 

 When young plants are wanted they are generally raised from seeds 

 in the orange countries, and hence the samples of fruit sent to market 

 consist at all times of numerous sorts, differing very much in quality. 

 Some of them have their rind so thick and insipid tluit they approach 

 the Citron in quality ; one, with roundish nigged ribbed fruit, is 

 called Vignette upon the Continent, where it is common ; another, 

 with oblong extremely rugged fruit, is one of the Poncires .if the 

 French. The most distinct race is that which comprehends the 

 Perettea, or Little Pears ; they are very small in the fruit, which is a 

 pale greenish-yellow, and has almost the shape of an egg : their rind 

 is more delicately perfumed than that of common lemons. 



8. C. mediea, the Citron (Cedratier of the French, Cedro, 

 Cedrato, of the Italians). Branches short and stiff. Leaves oblong, 

 toothed. Flowers purple externally. Fruit usually large, warted, 

 and furrowed, with an extremely thick spongy riml, and n snha.-id 

 pulp. This is an exceedingly variable species, chiefly valued fur the 

 fragrance of the rind of the fruit, from which a delicate sweatmeat is 

 prepared. The Citron, supposed to be the Median, Assyrian, or 

 Persian apple of the Greeks, is probably the most beautiful species of 

 the genus. It is described by Risso as having a majestic aspect, shining 

 leaves, and rosy flowers, which are succeeded by fruit who.-<e beauty 

 and size astonish the observer at the same time that their sweet 

 odour gratifies his senses. The trees are constantly in vegetation, the 

 flowers appear even in midwinter, and there is so continual a succes- 

 sion of them, that flowers, young fruit, and rii>e fruit, may always he 

 seen together at the same moment. The Poncire Citrons arc eight or 

 nine inches long, and are the largest of the race known in Europe. 



In China there is an enormous variety, with its lobes all separating 

 into fintji-rs of different shapes and sizes, whence its name of Fingered 

 Citron. The Chinese esteem it very much, Ixith for its rarity and for 

 the grateful odour of its rind. They place the monstrous fruits upon 

 ' ii:i dixhes, and have them in their apartments to fill the air 

 with fragrance. Those who would study this genus in detail will 

 find excellent figures of above 100 varieties in Risso's ' Hi.-toire 

 Naturelle des Orangers.' For the culture, medicinal uses, and com- 

 merce of the genus Citru*, see ORANCK, in ARTS AND PC. Div. 



CIVKT. [Vr.-KRRID.F-] 



CLA'DIUM (x\dSot, a branch or twig), a genus of Plants belonging 

 t<> tlie natural order Cyperatcir. It has I-'.' -flowered spikeleta, 6 or 6 

 glumes, the lower ones empty and smaller, bristles absent, the nut 

 with a thick fleshy coat, tipped with the slender base of the style. 

 There is but one European species of this genus, the C. Maritcut, 

 Common Sedge. It has lateral and terminal repeatedly compound 

 panicle*, the spikelets capitate, the stem roundish, leafy, smooth ; the 

 leaves rough on the margins and keel. It is not a common plant in 

 Great Britain, exc.pt in Cambridgeshire, where in the bogs and fens 

 of that county it is exceedingly common, hundreds of acres being 

 covered entirely with it. It is used in many districts of Cambridge- 

 shire for the purpose of lighting fires. This plant is the Schtmut 

 Mariirut and Clmliatn German/rum of many botanists. Several 

 specie* of Cladium are natives of Australia. ( Babhigton, Britith Sot. , 

 B'r '.) 



cl.A'Ull'S. a _-.;i:is of Hymenopterous Insects of the family 

 Tent 1. It hns the following characters: Antenna; about 



the same length as the body, ciliated beneath, and nine-jointed ; the 

 two baaal joints short, the third joint with a protuberance beneath at 

 the base, and a branch thrown out from the up]>cr side at the apex, 

 the fourth and fifth have likewise the last-mentioned process ; and in 

 the tilth and seventh it is rudimentary. In the female all these 

 processes are wanting, excepting the one on the underside of the 

 third joint. Wings with one marginal and three sub-marginal cells 

 tarsi simple. 



C. difformit, when the wings are expanded, measures in widtl 

 about one-third of an inch : it is block, with the tibia- and tarsi pale 

 yellow. This species maybe considered the type of the genus. It 

 inhabits this country, hut is not common. 



I.AIi'ir,, i:.\, a Fossil genus of Corals allied to Lithodendron, 

 and occurring in the Palaeozoic strata, 



\ In i Id's, a genus of Fossil Placoid Fishes, from the Mountaii 

 \ nnagh, Bristol, Ac. (Agassi/) 



CLADO'NIA, a genus of Plant* belonging to the natural order 



It has a thalhis somewhat shruhliy, br.m. lied, rarely simple, 

 eafy, with scales, which are often evanescent ; branches oartilagii 



tulose, all attenuated and subulate, divided, fertile, generally 

 wrforated in the axils. Shields sessile, orbicular, convex, capituli- 

 bnn, not bordered, fixed by the circumference, free beneath in the 

 centre, the sides reflexed, uniform within. The genus Cladonia thus 

 Mined, with Kcyphophorut and Pycnothelia, are included by Acharius 

 and Delisle in the genus Catmnyre. Sir W. Hooker observes of this 

 genus, that " the determination of the species is attended with the 

 greatest difficulty, on account of their variable character; and in the 

 present state of my knowledge I dare not venture up'm introducing 

 >thers than those published in Kngli-h 1'. .: ur, . ML. h attention has 

 been given to this genus by Delisle in the ' llotunicum (lallieum,' 

 who. with Acharius, unites this and the two following genera into one, 

 Crimmyr, and enumerates fifty-three species, besides many marked 

 varieties, as natives of France ; all of which are most probably native* 

 also of Britain. He would render an acceptable .- I iritish 



Botany who should undertake a monograph of the lint . -1, 

 Hooker enumerates only five British species. 



C. ranyiferina, Rein-Deer Moss, has greet, elongated, roughish. 

 cylindrical, greenish-white, very much branch' . the axils 



perforated, the branches scattered, often intricate divaricated, the 

 ilteniate ones drooping, apothecia subglobose, brown, on ninal; 

 branchleU. This is a frequent plant in Great Britain, on moors, heaths, 

 and mountains. Its botanical characters are very \ariaMe. more 

 especially the colour and the length of the ramifications. This may 

 be accounted for by the wide range of latitude in which it is found, 

 extending from the arctic regions, where it is most abundant, to the 

 This plant is the principal support of the rein-deer in its 

 native countries, and hence its common name. In Lapland tl, 

 no plant so abundant as this, especially in the pine fonsts. win-re it 

 covers the surface of the soil for many miles together like MIL iw. ( in 

 the destruction of the forests by fire this plant continues to grow, and 

 then reaches its greatest luxuriance. In such districts the rein-deer 

 are principally pastured in the winter ; and whatever may be the depth 

 .-.-, these animals are enabled to obtain their food by grubbing 

 with their noses through the snow. It would be quite imp. ^-:M. -that 

 : -leer should exist in these climates during the winter were it 

 not tor this apparently insignificant plant. The Laplanders are also 

 in the habit of collecting this lichen with rakes in the rainy season, 

 when it is flexible, and readily separates from the ground where it 

 has grown; they then lay it up in heaps to serve as fodder for their 

 cows. Dr. Clarke and his companions, during his travels in Lapland, 

 were tempted to eat some of this lichen. " To our surprise." 1>. 

 " we found that we might cat of it with as much ease as of the heart 

 of a fine lettuce. It lasted like wheat bran. But after swallowing it 

 there remained in the throat and upon the palate a gentle heat or 

 sense of burning, as if a small quantity of pepper had been mixed 

 with the lichen. We had no doubt that if we could have pr> 

 oil and vinegar it would have made a grateful salad. Ct-olii- 

 juicy as it was to the (white, it nevertheless warmed the stomach when 

 iWlUowed, and cannot fail of proving .a gratifying article of fo 

 man or beast dnring the dry winter of the frigid zone. Yet neither 

 Laplanders nor Swedes eat of this lichen." This might arise from 

 the fact which Dr. Clarke relates shortly after, namely, " that when 

 Gustavus III. succeeded to the throne an edict was published and sent 

 all over Sweden, recommending the use of this lichen to the peasants 

 in time of dearth, and they were advised to boil it in milk." Such 

 an edict would be likely to have the effect of preventing people from 

 eating it, as it would from that time forth In' only looked upon as a 

 last resource. Dillenius however states that when ls.il. d in water it 

 yields no jelly, its substance is very little diminished, and becomes 

 drier than before; and the decoction evaporated yields only .-. 

 quantity of an acerb and austere extract. The alimentary sen 

 of this plant appears to be similar to that of other lichens. It is 

 called Lichcnin, or Lichen Starch, and contains the same elements as 

 starch. No nitrogen has been detected. It is however probable i hat 

 nitrogen will be found to exist in this lichen, as during the winter it sup- 

 plies the rein-deer with food which must require a nitrogenon 

 pound in order to maintain its muscular power. 

 to the supposition that starch or lichcnin, by union with 1 1 

 in the system, can be converted into li brine or other proteinaceoui 

 compounds. 



C. rermicularit, Vermicelli Lichen, has its podctia spread 

 tally, pure white, subulate, simple or slightly branched. In. 

 tapering at each end. It has Wen found not unhvpient on tho 

 loftiest mountains of the north of England ami Scotland. The shape 

 of its branches give it the appearance of a bundle of small worms or 

 of vermicelli. It is a native of So. th America, where it is used a* a 

 stomachic under the name of Con/m >/"'' lilanca. 



C. tanyuinea has a leafy very thick imbricate. 1 thai'.u-. wan 

 frosted with white beneath ; above, green and somewhat gelatinous ; 

 the lobes crcnulatcd, ascending ; podctia nearly solid, cavernous, split 

 into fingered lobes, cither wholly or at their apex only ; the shields 

 marginal, confluent, scarlet. This pntty form is a native of the 

 Brazils, where it is nibl-.l down with sugar and water, and is found 

 to be an excellent remedy for aphtha; in children. 'II 

 described British specie! are C. uncialit, C. punytnt, C. furcata. 



