Mil CI.AYICKH. 



thickened at the apex, and frequently the terminal joints forming a 

 club : the joints of the tarsi are tuually entire. 



Such are the principal characters of the sub-section Ctarirtmrt. a 

 group in which l.atreille includes the families Scydrnmtirler, Htitrritlir, 

 Silpkiacr, l*cai>kididtT, \itiilnlMir. l>rrautlidtr, Byrrkida. It appears 

 to include many genera of insects which, in a natural arrangement, 

 ought not to be associated under one head. 



CLAVIUKK. [Psr.LAPin-s.] 



CLAVIPA'LPI (Utreille), a family of Insects belonging to the 

 Tetrainerous Colruptrra. 



The insects of this family are principally distinguished by the 

 antenna.- being terminated by a perfoliate club. The Ursi are generally 

 furnished with a velvet-like substance beneath, and have the penul- 

 timate joint bilobed ; some few however have the tarsi simple. The 

 mandibles are emarginated or dentated at the apex ; the rnaxilhe are 

 armed on the inner side by a tooth-like process ; the palpi have the 

 terminal joint large. Many of the species of this group feed upon 

 fungi and bolcti, and their form is often rounded and convex. The 

 genera included in the family Claripalpi are Krnlylut, Tripla.?, Lan- 

 juria, Pkalamu, Ayathidium, and some others. 



CLAVCl.rNA. [KuKAUINIFERA.] 



('I. AY, any natural mixture of earths which breaks down or disin- 

 tegrates in water, and affords a plastic ductile mixture. It depends 

 upon this property, rather than colour or composition, whether an 

 earthy body belongs to the class of clays. There are many varieties 

 of clay used for different purposes. 



Pipe-Clay U of a grayish-white colour, has an earthy fracture, and 

 a smooth greasy feel; it adheres to the tongue, and is very plastic, 

 tenacious, and infusible. Its name shows the purpose to which it is 

 applied. It is found near Poole in Dorsetshire. 



Potler'i-Clay is of various colours, and disintegrates by exposure 

 to the air ; when mixed with sand it is made into bricks and tile*. 

 It is found in Hampshire, Berkshire, Devonshire, and is largely used 

 in the Staffordshire Potteries. The Hampshire clay yielded by 

 analysis 



Silica 51 



Alumina 25 



Lime - 



with some Oxide of Manganese and water. 



Stovfbridgt day has the general properties above described, but is 

 of a dark colour, owing apparently to an admixture of carbonaceous 

 matter. It is most extensively employed in the manufacture of 

 crucibles, and especially for those used in glass-making. It is ex- 

 tremely refractory in the fire. It yielded by analysis 



Silica 57 



Alumina 30 



Moisture 12-6 



A trace of Iron and Carbonaceous Matter. 



It appears to have originated from the disintegration of shale. 



Hrirt-t'fay, or Loam, varies much in appearance, texture, and 

 composition ; its colour is dependent upon the proportion of oxide 

 of iron which it contains. It lies in abundance upon the London 

 Clay, and frequently rests upon an interposed bed of sand. The 

 organic remains found in it ore few, but it sometimes contains the 

 teeth of elephants. 



London Clay is a very extensive deposit of a bluish clay, except 

 near the surface, where it has often the usual clay colour. It forms 

 the greater part of Middlesex, the whole of Essex and Suffolk, and 

 part of Norfolk, and frequently rises almost to the surface. Some 

 of the lower beds are yellowish-white or variegated. This clay occa- 

 sionally includes beds of sandstone, and of a coarse argillaceous 

 limestone, of which Parker's Roman Cement is made. It contains 

 also frequently the bones of the crocodile, turtle, Ac. 



Platiic Clay skirts the London Clay within the London Chalk basin, 

 and it appears also at the Isle of Wight This formation consists of 

 a variable number of sand, clay, and pebble-beds irregularly alter- 

 nating, lying immediately upon the chalk ; it contains some appearance 

 of coal, decidedly of vegetable origin, pyrites, oyster-shells, and the 

 branches of trees. The sand-beds of the Plastic-Clay formation are 

 the grand reservoir of soft-water from which the deep wells in and 

 around London are supplied. 



Kaolin, or Purn Iain-Clay, is of various shades of white ; it is dull 

 and opaque ; occurs friable or compact ; feels soft to the fingers and 

 adheres to the tongue. It is infusible, and ifci specific gravity is 

 Z'ZIB. A large tract of this clay, which include" crystals of felspar, 

 quartz, and mien, occurs near St. Austell in Cornwall. The porcelain 

 manufactures of Worcester are supplied from it. According to 

 Wedgwood it consists of 60 parts alumina anil 40 silica. It probably 

 arises from the decomposition of felspar. This clay occurs in France, 

 Saxony, and Austria. Various other kinds of clay are met with in 

 different situations ; their nature and composition depend upon those 

 of the rocks from the disintegration of which they have been formed ; 

 thus slate, steatite, and trap, each yields a different kind of clay. 



< I. \YM.\TK [SI.ATF.] 



< I.KAVAOE, a term employed in (Icology to indicate a p 

 fossility in certain (especially argillaceous) rocks, which U mdcjt. ndcnt 



cl.KOME. 



1133 



of, and Rent-rally meets at a considerable angle, the surfaces of lami- 

 >r deposition. Clay-Slate furnishes the best examples of thin 

 phenomenon. [Si. ATE.] 



CI.K\\ Kits. 'Cu.n-M.] 



CI.KAVI.ANDITK, a Mineral occurring in wedge-shaped mames in 

 the Chesterfield All. it- vein, Massachusetts, United Sutes. It is a 

 laiiH-llnr variety "f Alhitr. [ALBITE.] 



rl.Kll>i>Tll'.i:i:rs. u *"..< ..f Acephalous .Votliuea (Conchifers 

 of Lamarck), esLibli-hed by Mr. Samu.-l Stutchbury f..ra testaceous 

 animal, the mechanism of whose hinge connecting the two 

 differ* most materially from that exhibited 1-y oth. t 



Shell bivalve, somewhat p-arly, ineqnivalvc. involute, attached by 

 the outoide of the larger valve. Hiin;e with u small conical p 

 tooth in the free valve, titling into a corresponding pit in t! 

 valve. A testaceous rather elongated curved apju-ndage, connected 

 by cartilage, is inserted into a deep cicatrix within each umbo ; 

 euliir impressions, two in each valve, lateral : the anterior ligulnte ; 

 the posterior luborbicular. Muscular impression of themitntlc entire. 

 Ligament external. (Stutchbury. modified by Q. B. Sowrrhy.) 



M. De Roissy had separated the genus from Chama, with which it 

 might be easily confounded by a superficial observer under tin- name 

 of Chiimo*trea ; but he does not seem to have been aware of the 

 ap|K'nilage, and, as Mr. Stutchbury observes, his name is entirely inap- 

 plicable. then; licing nothing in the shell to connect it with <>,- 



Olfiilufliiiriti < '/iitiii'jitlf* (Stutchbury I. Shell involute, brownish- 

 red, internally of a greenish pearly lustre, attached by the anterior 

 si Me of the right valve, which is of great depth ; left valve but slightly 

 convex ; the clavicular np]*Mnlage with a groove on the convex 



Mr. Stutchbury states that C. Ckamdi<l<* wa* found attached to 

 sandstone rocks by T. Young, Kq., R.\., together with an A>/-rr- 

 ffilium (perhaps Ayglutinant of I..inian-k). MUIIC C/mmir; Ac., while 

 searching near the entrance of Port Jackson, (Minted out to li- 

 the spot where Mr. Htutchbury discovered in !v_'<i the first living 

 ClavageUtr. In general contour this shell has BO great a similitude to 

 Chama, that, without opening it, there would be no hesitation in 

 pronouncing it to belong to that genus, [Cn AMAI-KA.] 



Mr. Q. B. Sowerby is of opinion that, as far as the character of the 

 internal hinge cartilage having an elongated testaceous appendage goes, 

 ( 'I'iiliiihttnu connects the Chamtr of Lamarck with his Myaires. 



CI.K MATIS, a genus of Climbing Plants belonging to the natural 

 order Rannntnlarra, and characterised by having a valvate coloured 

 calyx, carpels in a ripe state terminated by long feather;. 

 opposite leaves. The most common species is C. rilalba, the Tra- 

 veller's Joy, which runs over the hedges in many part* of England. 

 landing them first with its copious clusters of white blossoms, anil 

 afterwards with heaps of its feather-tailed silky tufts. It i* however 

 better known from some of the exotic species being favourite objects 

 of cultivation. C. /ammWa, a species with panicles of small white 

 flowers, is among the most fragrant of plants. C. rin-lnaa, C. cri*i>a, 

 and C. florida, are remarkable for the large size of their greenish- 

 white flowers; while the purple or pink bells of C. ritirrlla, hanging 

 gracefully from its festooning branches, render that species, when 

 well managed, one of the most elegant and ornamental of climbers. 

 The species of Atragene. Siberian and Alpine plants, with finely-cut 

 leaves and delicate purple flowers, considered a jteculiar genus by 

 l,inn;cus, are other species of Clematit. They have a climbing habit, 

 and are occasionally seen in gardens ; their stems however are apt to 

 become naked, and they are not so generally cultivated as the specie* 

 of genuine Clcmatit. The leaves of G'. erecla and C.Jtammuln are used 

 by beggars for the purpose of forming artificial ulcers. There are 

 about 100 species of the genus Clemalit. 



All these plants ore hardy, but they are impatient of damp in 

 winter. The latter circumstance is therefore to lie attended to by 

 those who wish to ornament their gardens with them. 



CI.KO'ME, a genus of Plants belonging to the natural order 

 Capparidacea. It has a calyx of 4 almost equal spreading sepals ; 

 4 petals; a torus somewhat hemispheric:.! : it. rarely 4, stamens; a 

 xiliquc dehiscent, stipitate, or sessile within the calyx. 



C. ijiyantta is a shrubby plant, velvety pubescent and somewhat 

 clammy ; the leaves 7-foliate, with 30 or 40 veins on each side of each 

 leatlet. It has whitish-green flowers, with pinkish filament 

 yellow anthers. It is a native of South America. It is a beautiful 

 plant, but has a disagreeable odour and an acrid taste. 



C. roita is an herbaceous unarmed smooth plant, with ipmiatc 

 leaflets, the lower and floral ones teniate, the uppermost one 

 sessile ; the silique smooth, the length of the stipe*. This plant lias 

 licmitifully rose-coloured flowers. It U a native ,,l Kio Janeiro. 



There are about fifty species of the genus Cleome described ; many 

 ..f them arc now referred to the genus /W"n>'i" (I'm \M-M 

 of them are worth cultivating on account of their beauty. The 

 shrubby specie" do In-Kt in a rich li'.-lit soil. They may be propagated 

 by ripened cuttings in a moderate heat under a hand glass, or l.\ s ..... I. 

 The seeds of the annual s]n-cics should be sown on :i hot I., d in 

 spring, and when the youiiir plants are of sufficient si/e they may be 

 planted out in the open iH.rder. but n<>1 Iw-torc the middle ol 

 'I lie biennial species must be kept in the Move ; they may be propa- 

 gated by cuttings, as the shrubby species. 



