CLEONUS. 



CLIONIDJE. 



1131 



CLEO'NUS, a genus of Coleopterous Insects of the section 

 Rhyncophora and family Curculionidit. It has the following cha- 

 racters : Antennae rather short, the scape not touching the eyes ; 

 basal joint of the funiculus nearly obconic, and rather longer than 

 the remaining joints ; the joints from the second to the sixth short 

 and coarctate, the seventh stouter, and closely applied to the club, 

 which is oblong-ovate or nearly so ; rostrum short and thick, having 

 generally a channel above ; eyes oblong and depressed ; thorax sub- 

 conic, slightly constricted anteriorly ; elytra elongate, generally 

 furnished with a protuberance near the apex, which is rounded ; legs 

 nearly equal; femora unarmed; tibia: with the apex slightly thickened, 

 and furnished with a short spine. 



Of the genus Cleonus about 100 species are known ; they inhabit 

 Europe, Asia, and Africa. The ground-colour of their body is almost 

 always black, but this is for the most part hidden by the clenseness 

 of the little scales with which they are covered. These scales are 

 generally of an ash-like colour, gray, white, or pale-brown, and small 

 patches of two or more of these tints form clouded markings. Dark 

 markings are often produced by the want of these scales on certain 

 parts, the ground-colour of the body then showing itself. 



C. ivlcirottrii may be taken as the type of this genus. It is about 

 two-thirds of an inch in length, of an elongate oval form, and of an 

 ashy or white colour ; the rostrum is thick, nearly as long as the 

 thorax, and furnished with three deep longitudinal furrows ; the 

 thorax is almost as wide as the elytra at the base, and tapers towards 

 the head ; there is a longitudinal pale line in the centre, which is 

 bordered by two broad dark -brown patches ; the rest of the thorax 

 is pale, with the exception of a small brown patch on each side ; 

 the elytra are of an ashy colour, and have two oblique V-shaped 

 fasciae near the middle. 



This insect is common in various parts of England, and seems 

 more particularly to frequent chalky and sandy situations ; it is 

 sometimes found on nettles and thistles, and often crawlipg on barren 

 sand-hills near the sea-side. Three or four other species are also 

 found in this country. C. nebulotus is very common in some parts 

 of Hampshire, and nearly resembles the one above described, 

 but may be at once distinguished by the absence of the sulci on 

 the snout or rostrum : the scales in this species are not unfre- 

 quently red. 



CLE'PTICUS, a genus of Fishes, belonging to the section Acan- 

 tliH/i/rrygii and family Labridte. C. yenizara is the only species, and 

 i.s from the Antilles. It has the following generic characters : 

 Head obtuse ; mouth protractile ; teeth minute, barely perceptible to 

 the touch ; body elongate, lateral line uninterrupted ; dorsal and 

 anal fins covered with scales nearly to their outer margins. 



CLE'RID^E (Tillida, Leach), a family of Coleopterous Insects of 

 the section Malacodermi. It has the following characters : Palpi 

 generally clavate ; mandibles dentated internally ; penultimate joint 

 of the tarsi bilobate ; antenna; more or less serrated or terminated 

 by a club ; body generally cylindrical and pubescent ; head and thorax 

 narrower than the abdomen ; eyes emarginated. Most of these insects 

 are found on flowers and some on old trees. The larvae of those which 

 are known are carnivorous. 



The principal genera included in this family are Cylindrus, Tillus, 

 J'i -inrera, Aj-itta, Euryput, Thanasimus, Opiliui, Cleria, Necrobia, and 

 /^i>"f>liuni. 



Ciena is thus characterised : Maxillary palpi with the terminal 

 joint thicker than the rest, compressed, broadest at the apex, and 

 truncated ; labial palpi with the terminal joint securiform ; antennsc 

 ,with the basal joint rather long, the seven following short, the three 

 terminal joints forming a compressed knob of the form of a reversed 

 triangle ; tarsi exhibiting only four distinct joints. 



Two species of this beautiful genus (C. apiarim and C. alvearius) 

 are natives of this country, but they are here of rare occurrence, 

 though in Germany, France, and Italy they are common, and are 

 found on the flowers of umbelliferous plants. 



C'. apiaritu varies from one-half to two-thirds of an inch in length, 

 and is very thickly covered with hairs ; it is blue ; the elytra are red, 

 and have three blue fasciae, one of which is at the apex. 



The larva of this species feeds upon those of the common hive-bee, 

 and is sometimes very destructive to hives. 



C. ahearius very much resembles the species just described, differ- 

 ing chiefly in having a blue spot in the region of the scutellum in 

 addition to the three blue fascia! on the elytra ; its larvae feed upon 

 those of the mason-bees. 

 CLERUS. [CLERIM. 

 CLIMACTERIS. 

 CLINKSTONE, a grayish blue Rock, consisting principally of 

 Felspar. It passes gradually into gray Basalt, but is distinguished 

 from that rock by its lower specific gravity. When struck with a 

 hammer it rings like iron. It is frequent in volcanic districts. It is 

 also called Pltonolite. 



CLINTONITE (Seybertite, Xanthophyllile (?), Holmeaite), a Mineral 

 which occurs crystallised and in imperfectly crystallised masses. Its 

 primary form is an oblique rhombic prism. Cleavage imperfect. 

 Colour copper-red, reddish brown, yellowish brown, and reddish 

 white ; streak yellowish gray. Hardness 4'5. Lustre metallic and 

 metallic pearly. Translucent to opaque. In thin lamina: sometimes 



transparent. Specific gravity 3'098. Found at Amity, Orange 

 County, New York. Analysis by Clemson : 



Silica 17.0 



Alumina . 37'6 



Magnesia 24 '3 



Lime . 107 



Protoxide of Iron 5'0 



Water . 3'6 



CLI'NUS, a genus of Fishes belonging to the section Acan/lwp- 

 teryyii and family Gobioida;. It forms one of the sub-divisions of the 

 Bleunies, the species of which may be distinguished by their having 

 several ranges of short pointed teeth, the teeth of the external range 

 being the largest. The dorsal fin is either continuous and even, or, 

 in some, with the anterior rays separated from the posterior by an 

 emargination. Like the true Blennies, these fishes have small fim- 

 briated appendages over the eyes. 

 CLIO. [CLIOXID.E.] 



CLIO'NID^E, the Clio Tribe, a family of Naked Marine Molliutra, 

 placed by Cuvier as the first of his class Pteropoda. Lamarck also 

 arranges them under the Pteropods, which he makes an order, but 

 gives th'3in a situation immediately after the ffyalreidfe. De Blainville 

 unites the Pteropoda and Gastropoda of Cuvier in one class Para- 

 cephalophora, under which the Pteropoda form an order with the 

 name of Aporobranchiata, which is divided into two families ; the 

 first, Thecesomata, being provided with a shell, and the second, 

 Gymnosomata, comprising those Pteropods which have none. Rang 

 follows this last arrangement, still retaining Cuvier's term Pleropoda, 

 but not rejecting De Blainville's, and making the species of Clio of 

 FeVussac synonymous with the Gymnoaomata of De Blaiuville, and the 

 second family of the class Pteropoda. 



Gymnosomata. Body of an elongated form, sub-conical, completely 

 naked : two bundles of tentacular suckers at the mouth ; no tooth 

 in the upper lip ; a small lingual plate bristled with spines. 



Rang thus defines the family : Animal with the head distinct ; no 

 intermediate lobe, but one or more fleshy appendages in place of it ; 

 a muscular envelope or mantle. 



Olio (Clione, Pallas). Body free, naked, more or less elongated, a 

 little depressed, attenuated abaft (aminci en arriere), without any 

 other fins than the lateral appendages. Head very distinct, provided 

 with six long retractile tentacula, divided into two groups of three 

 each, and^capable of being entirely concealed in a species of prepuce 

 bearing a small teutaculum on its external side. Mouth entirely 

 terminal and vertical. Eyes sessile, nearly supernal. A sort of 

 sucker or rudiment of a foot under the neck, between the roots of the 

 fins. Vent and termination of the generative apparatus in a single 

 tubercle, situated at the right side of the neck, at the junction of the 

 fin with trunk. Organs of respiration (!). 



a. Species whose teutacula are well known. 



Of these, C. borealis and C. australis will serve as examples. The 

 former, which appears to be the same with C. limacina of Phipps, 

 C. retwsa of Fabricius, and Clione papilionacea of Pallas, is well-known 

 to the whale-fishers and others under the name of ' whale's food.' 

 The species swarms in the northern seas, and indeed so plentiful are 

 they that they form a principal part of the food of the whale-bone 

 whales. Captain (now Sir W. E.) Parry found it in great abundance 

 in all parts of Baffin's Bay and Davis's Strait, in the neighbourhood 

 of ice. (' Supplement to Captain Parry's first Voyage.') Captain 

 James Rosa observes that it is very numerous in most parts of the 

 Arctic Ocean, but less abundant in Regent's Inlet and the Gulf of 

 Boothia. When the weather is calm, they come in myriads to the sur- 

 face for the purpose of respiration ; but scarcely have they reached it 

 when they again precipitate themselves towards the bottom. Cuvier, 

 who gives this account of their habits, adds, that the sea is so glutted 

 with them in certain seasons, that the whales, so to speak, cannot open 

 their mouths without ingulphing thousands of these small mollusks. 



Integument, a delicate demi-transparent soft skin, which covers a 

 second tunic. This last is thicker, and presents longitudinal and very 

 sensible muscular fibres, which come from two principal bundles 

 attached to the sides of the neck. The effect of these fibres must be 

 to shorten the general envelope of the body, and to approximate its 

 form to a spherical shape. Cuvier, who gives the above description, 

 adds, that fie knows not with what the interval between this fleshy 

 tunic and the mass of the viscera is filled in the living state ; but 

 observes that it is certain that these do not occupy the half of the 

 area which the tunic incloses; and conjectures that there may be a 

 liquor diffused there, or perhaps only a quantity of air which the 

 animal can compress at pleasure when it would sink in the water, and 

 dilate when it would rise. 



The mouth is between the bases of the two tubercles of the head. 

 Below it are two triangular tentacula, which form, as it were, two 

 small wings between the two large ones. The opening of the mouth 

 is triangular ; and within are seen some longitudinal wrinkles, which 

 Pallas and Fabricius appear to have taken for teeth, but which have 

 no hardness, and are entirely fleshy. The viscera are connected by 

 vessels and cellulosities which unite them in a small packet situated 

 near the neck. The liver covers the greatest part of them, with th e 

 exception of an angle which is occupied by the testicle and ovary. 



