OAERTXER, FHIEDRICH VON. 



QAILLAHD, OABKIKI. IIKNKI. 



' 



St. Mlcba.1 at Wuraburg. and Count Schonborn's 

 ; and be continued to re.id. at Wurxburg after 

 . u*d aaiMsed it to Bavaria, and after he hlBMB bail 

 bMO BoulBaua a. a Bavarian architect, for be did not r.mov. to 

 Munich till 1S04. when he had bean appointed Hofbauintendant 

 H. did not bowr, find op^edtohim in that capital the 

 1 MOM for th. diaplay of hi. abilitie. which he bad promued 

 foTof the varioo. dVign. which be produced, arc.ly any 

 of the more imporUnt one.-w.r, adopted for execution. 



an - . 



h. f.lt th. appointment M .bitterly, 

 bnt designs and publishing them a< a 



, 



Toward, th. cloe. of btoMif. 

 thai instead of wUettnc hi* 



mm---' of hi. taUnta/be destroyed them with hu own hand. a. if 

 vwtott!*n fromavailin* thenelv.. of th. idea, which ho had 

 beJn able to work out only upon paper. Could be have foreseen how 

 ,ch more pro.perou* a oarew- wa* marred for hi. .on. he would 



noon mor. properou. a cmr*r w * . 



probably havi born. hi. own dtaappointmenU with lea impatience of 

 UUIIMT. He died in 182. and Ightythre*. 



OAKRTNKR, or OXllTNKR. FtUKPRICH VOX, architect, was 

 bora at Coblenx in 172, and wa the K>n of Johann Andrea. Gaertner. 

 Broogfat to Munich at an early age, h. received a general .cient.fio 

 docation. and in 1809 entered Le Academy of Art. in order to devote 

 himself .peeially to architecture. After three year. h. went to Pan*, 

 tafarUM Academy there; and here he enlarged hia knowledge 

 undw th. ruidano. of Prcier. Franc, had been during many years 

 regarded a. tb. Mbool of Germany in art for German rt was then 

 oul v about to re-aatert independent character, uch a* under Gartner and 

 other artUto it won acquired. In 1 814 Gartner went to Italy, where 

 b* remained four yean. He viaited Rome, Naples, and other place, of 

 general interwt, but would appear to have devoted himself to the 

 antique monument, as much as to later worka, although it is tho 

 character of the Bynntio. and early Italian style* to which the designs 

 in hi. own building, are nearert allied. H. especially studied the 

 ruin, in Sicily, including thoe. at Girgenti, BegwU, and Taorouuna, 

 which he drew and publiahrd in lithography, in 1818, in a work enti- 

 tled View, of th. be.t preserved Greek Monument, of Sicily, with 

 Fxplanatory Text.' In 1819 aUn h. cam. to England, and wa. induced 

 to think of residing here; but in 1820, being made profeaor of archi- 

 tecture in the Munich Academy, he wa. from that time engaged in 

 Bavaria, Well qualified by hi. studies and taste to co-operate iu the 

 grand revival fotered by the Crown Prince (afterwards Louis of 

 Bavaria), Gartner became connected with several important branches 

 of manufacture. The superiority in forms and character attained 

 in the work* of the porcelain factory, of which he became director 

 in 1824, a* due to him, as also in great part was the revival of 

 flaw-painting. In 1829 the sphere of bis influence was enlarged. 

 King Look, appreciating his talent, instructed him to design the 

 Lndwig^Kirche, which eventually wa. magnificently decorated int*r- 

 nally with the aid of th. painter Cornelius. Near the church is the 

 gnat library and record office, by the same architect. In 1833 ho 

 commenced the Blinden-Institut. Amongst his other buildings about 

 the same time, or subsequently, were the University, the Erziehungs- 

 Institut, the Damenstift, th. Priestor-Seminar, the Salzamt, the Lud- 

 wigthor, and tho Feldhernnshalle, all at Munich. Besides these he 

 built the palace at Wittelsbach, the pump-room at Kissingen, and the 

 B*fre;uughalle at Kelheim a great monument in the form of a 

 rotunda, draigned to commemorate the liberation of Germany. 



In 1836 Gartner accompanied the king to Athens to study the Greek 

 monuments, and there he was directed to design a new Kesidenz, or 

 palace, for King Otho. At Athens he re-opened the quarries of 

 Pentelic marble, said to have been forgotten since the time of 

 Hadrian. On his return, he was appointed oberbaurath, or architect 

 to the court, and received the order of Civil Merit of the Crown of 

 Bavaria; and on the departure of Cornelius for Berlin iu 1S41, he was 

 mad. Director of the Academy of Art*. In addition to the works 

 above mentioned, Gartner was architect of th. Pompeian House at 

 AaebaBenburg one of those effort, to collect a series of examples 

 of ttyla, through which, in consequence of that aim, the value of 

 King Louis'. Mill great service* to art is reduced. Gartner aUo 

 rrstored tb. Uar-thor, and portions of the cathedrals at Kegensburg 

 and licmberg. H. died on the 21st of April 1 847, aged fifty-five yean. 



Gartner', style, as described by Kaaynaki (' Uistoir. de 1'Art 

 Modrrne en Allemagn. '), i. one which " recalls " the idea of the 

 Bytantin. ; which, a. a general statement, i. correct. The University 

 and the Bibliuthek have however a marked Florentine character. 

 The architect oonetaotly use. th. arch-headed window, divided into 

 two light, by a centre-column, and avoid, the characteristic, of the 

 late Italian style., whilst ornament of original character is freely 

 introduced Much of th. fame of Munich fur interior decoration in 

 building., and th. influence of which has spread even to this country, 

 is du. to Gartner. A publication of his designs was commenced about 

 1844 or 184A. 



OAFFURIUa. [OAroBiu*.] 



OAFO'RIUS, FhANCHl'NUS, or FRANCHINO GAFORI, a vy 

 1-arncd writer on music, was born of humbl. parent, at Lodi in 1451. 

 In hi. boyhood h. wa. devoted to the servic. of th. church, and 

 among other branches of knowledge to which h. applied himself with 

 marked diligence, be studied muic und.r a Carmelite friar named 

 Oodendach, of which acince, both theoretically and practically, he 



became a complete master. It doe. not teem certain that the sacer- 

 dotal dignity was ever conferred on him, though it has been confidently 

 dated that he entered into holy order*. He first went to Verona, 

 publicly taught music there during some few year., and also wrote hi* 

 work, MuiicioIu.titutione.CoUocutiouea.' The reputation he thereby 

 acquired procured him an invitation from the Doge to visit Genoa, 

 i.o accepted, but soon after proceeded to Naples, where be met 

 Tiuctor, Garnerius, Hycart, and other celebrated musician*, aud, 

 according to the usage of the time, held public deputations with tli.-..i. 

 At NapU-i ha also produced hi. ' Theoricum Opus Harmonic.' 

 ciplintu.' But the Turk* having brought war and the pUguo into the 

 Neapolitan territory, he was driven from that part of Italy, and by 

 the persuasion of Pallavicini, bishop of Monticello, returned to Lodi, 

 gave lecture* on music, and began hi* ' Practica Music* utri 

 Cantus,' hi* greatest work, whioii wa* first printed at Milan in 

 Of thia. Sir J. Hawkins has given a copious abstract, an honour to 

 which it wa* entitled, not only on account of its intrinsic merit, but 

 because it is the firat treatise on the art that ever appeared iu print. 

 It is full of that kind of information which was called for, and p 

 eminently useful at the period in which it was published, quickly 

 spreading the author's fame throughout Europe ; but, touched by the 

 pedantic spirit of tho age, he invented term* that must have cost him 

 vast labour to compound, and which doubtless exacted no less from 

 hi* readers to understand. His work lying before us, we are tempted 

 to give a specimen of the language of art adopted in the 15tli century, 

 as it appears in the heading of one of his chapters : ' De Proportione 

 Subquadrnplasnpertripartientiquarta.' 



Gaforiua (erroneously called Gaffurius by Hawkins, Burncy, &c.) 

 wrote other works, which were held in high estimation. It is supposed 

 that he died in or about the year 1520. 



GAGERN, HANS CHBJSTOPH ERNST, FREIHEHU (Baron) 

 VON, was born January '/o, ITOli, at KK-in-Niedesheim, near \\oruis, 

 in the German duchy of Hesse-Darmstadt. He completed his studies 

 at the universities of Leipzig aud Qottiugen. At an early age he 

 entered the service of the Prince of Orange-Nassau, and was .in; 

 an a minister, and sent as an ambassador to Paris. When the PrUtM 

 of Orange in 1814 became the sovereign, of Holland, Baron von Gag.'ru 

 became hw prime-minister, and in 1815 was his ambassador to the 

 Congress of Vienna. The Prince of Orange having become Kiug of the 

 Netherlands, Baron vonGagern continued to be hi principal nmiUter, 

 and was employed on important occasions as his ambassador. Iu 

 1820 the King of the Netherlands rewarded his services by a pension, 

 and he then retired to reside upon his estite at Hornau iu the ducliy 

 of Hesse-Darmstadt, where he died Oct. 22, 1852, at the age of ninety. 

 He is the author of several valuable works on subjects of history, 



PO -GAGERN* tl0 HEINRICH WILHELM AUGUST, FREIHERR 

 VON, was born August 20, 1799, at Baireuth, iu the kingdom of 

 Bavaria, and is a son of the preceding baron. He studied in the 

 universities of Gottingen, Jena, and Heidelberg. He entered tho 

 service of the Grand Duke of Hesse-Darmstadt, and in 1829 became 

 a member of the government-council. In 1832 ho was :ipp 

 Controller of the Ministry of the Interior aud of Justice. \\ i.iii Hie 

 German parliament was assembled at Frankfurt for the purp. 

 forming a confederation of the smaller states under a central govern- 

 ment, Heiurich von Gageru was appointed president, May 19, 1848; 

 aud on the 30th of June, when his first term of office expired, he was 

 re-elected. On the 18th of December he resigned the presidency of 

 the assembly, and Eduard Simaou of Konigsberg was elected as his 

 successor, the Baron von Gagern being nominated by the Regent of tho 

 Empire to the offices of Minister of Foreign Affairs and President of 

 the Council of Ministers. After many discussions it was re.-. 

 March 28, 1849, that the German states should be constituted an 

 empire, and that the imperial dignity should be offered t > th 

 of Prussia. The offer was accordingly made, and negociations between 

 the parliament and the king continued for some time ; but tho king 

 ultimately refused to accept the dignity, under the conditions pro- 

 posed, and the assembly was dissolved without producing any result. 



GAIL, JEAN BAPTISTS, born at Paris iu 17..:;, dictlngnkbjad 

 himself in the study of Greek, aud was made, in 17U1, Professor of 

 Greek Literature iu the College de France. Iu 1794 be married 

 Mademoiselle Sophie Garre, who afterwards acquired celebrity as a 

 musical composer. Jean Baptiate Gail wrote numerous works, chiefly 

 translations from the Greek; a Greek grammar, 17W, with a supple- 

 ment, or ' Essai sur les Propositions Grecques considerecs sous le 

 rapport Geographique,' 1821 ; and ' Cours de Laugue Grecquv, ou 

 Extraite de differen* Auteurs,' iu four parts, 1797-99. Ho wrote also 

 ' Observations sur les Idylles de Thoocrite et les Eclogues de Virgile,' 

 1805; and lastly ho furnished the materials for the ' Atlas coutcuaut 

 par ordre de temps, les Carte* relative* h la Geographic d Hero. lute, 

 Tuuoydide, Xenophon, les plans de bataille,' &c., 4to, Paris; to which 

 are added ' Observation* Prelimiuaires,' and au Index, by Gail. Gail 

 was made Knight of the Legion of Honour by Louis XVIII., and 

 Knight of St. \Vladimir by the Emperor Alexander. 



GAILLARD, GABRIEL 1IKNR1, a celebrated modern French 

 historian, wa* born in 1720. After receiving a good education, he 

 was admitted advocate at an early ago, but ho soon left the bar in md< r 

 to devote himself entirely to literature. In 1745, when he was only 



