OALANIXO. 



GALENUS, CLAUDIUS. 



MMOW of KolUr. the Slovakia* port, who, bora in Hungary, bat 

 of a Slavonic .took. had adopted ih. kindred languag. of Bohemia as 

 the vehicle of hii genius. U*j. who afterwards studied in some of 

 tite German univ.raiti, returned to Croatia about 1S35. where ha 

 mioml to establish a periodical publication in the QmM language. 

 R> do this, a Croatia wa an Hungarian province, it in* m-oeseary to 

 apply to the Hnfrian anthoritie* for permleaion, and it was rrfuaed. 

 OaT then applied to the Austrian fOTcnment direct, and the pemuaion 

 is aaid by some to hav been granted at a pereonal audience -by 'the 

 t* Franei., with DM purpose of baffling the view, of the Hnn- 

 for the extension of their language, which they bad already 

 Into the eehooU of Croatia. The Croatian 

 . and it* editor 1 ! views began to enlarge. He 

 a* hU friend Hollar in tlie north of Hungary had 

 Stovakian to write in Bohemian for a larger public, eo the 



Slavonic dialect* of the south of Hungary Croatian included would 

 be intelligible to a Urge circle of readers if their provincial pecu- 

 Uarities wert kept in the background, and their general resemblance 

 more carefully attended to and made prominent The Servians, the 

 Dalmatians, the Bosnians, the Croatians all ipeak what U radically 

 the cam* language, but so disfigured by differ-nt alphabets, and 

 difierrat systems of orthography, that the great fact has been kept 

 oat of Tiew. Scattered under the Austrian and the Turkish govern- 

 ment and in one case independent, as in Montenegro divided 

 between the Oreek and the Roman church, and iu one case perverted 

 (o MohammedanUm, as in Bosnia the great race of the South Slavo- 

 nian* U still estentislly one, and if as much pain* were taken to unite 

 it as to keep it divided, a South Slavonic language and literature 

 night extend from Turkey to within sight of Venice. Qaj's purpose 

 was to further this end by obliterating provincial peculiarities 

 from hU Croatian, and writing what he proposed to call 'Illyrian,' 

 which was to form a common standard for all the dialects. 

 He gave to hU newspaper the name of ' Ilinka Novina,' or ' The 

 Illyrian News,' and to a literary supplement, published in connection 

 with it, that of ' Danica Iliraka,' or The Illyrian Horning Star.' The 

 movement met with much success, as a bevy of young authors appeared 

 who followed in the path which Gaj had pointed out. The opposition 

 of the Hungarians furnished him with the exclamation, " You Magyars 

 are but an Uland in the midst of a Slavonic ocean ; if you stand too 

 much in the way the waves will overwhelm you." In 1837 he pub- 

 lished an Illyrian grammar, and coon after an Illyrian and German 

 dictionary. He prepared a settled system of orthography, which was 

 adopted by a considerable number of writers. HU efforts were of 

 course already distasteful to the Hungarians, and not thought to be 

 entirely acceptable to the Austrian*, whoso attention was frequently 

 called by his opponent! to the danger of exciting a common feeling ol 

 Slavonic enthusiasm among population* not subject to a Slavonic 

 government The Servians were also found unwilling to call the 

 language they spoke Illyrian, or to resign their Russian alphabet in 

 favour of a Roman one, over which indeed their own presents many 

 advantages. The great outbreak of 1848, in which jellscbicb, the 

 Ban of Croatia, was the champion at once of the national language, and 

 of the Austrian government, seemed likely to decide the triumph o! 

 the Illyrian cause, but though the result of the struggle was the over- 

 throw of Hungary, IllyrianUm seems to have made less progress since 

 than before. Gaj, who bad taken an active part in the struggle, has 

 been little heard of of late ; it U certain that he is now looked on 

 with suspicion by the Austrian*, and it U said that he had been sub- 

 jected to imprisonment for carrying too far hU Slavonic tendencies. 

 He U of some eminence as a poet, and a national ballad by him, in 

 imitation of the popular Polish national song, ' leizcze Polska niez 

 ginela,' or ' Poland has not finished yet,' with the sentiment applie 

 to Croatia, wa* a few years back on the lip* of every Croat 



GALANI'NO, the name by which Baldassare Alois! U generally 

 known. He was born at Bologna in 1578, was educated in the schoo 

 of the Carracci, and became one of tile most distinguished of the 

 Italian portrait-painter* : he ia sometimes called the Italian Vandyck 

 He practised chiefly at Rome. Qalauiiio was also a very able historica 

 painter and a skilful etcher : he died in 1638. 



OALBA, SE'RVIUS SULPIT'IUS, born under the reign of Augustus, 

 of a patrician family, served with distinction iu Germany, was after 

 wards proconsul, first in Africa, and afterwards in the Tamconensi 

 province of Spain, in which office he acquired a reputation for justic 

 and moderation. He wa* still in Spain when Julius Vindex, the pro 

 consul of Celtic Gaul, rose against Nero; Oalba joined Vindex, anc 

 Otho, governor of Lusitania, followed his example. The asscmblec 

 multitude* saluted Galba as emperor and Augustus, but he declarer 

 that he wss only acting as the lieutenant of tbo senate and people o 

 Rome, in order to put an end to the disgraceful tyranny of Nero 

 The Pnetorian guard* at Rome soon after having revolted again* 

 Nero, proclaimed Oalba, and the senate acknowledged him as emperor 

 Oalba hastened from Spain to Rome, where he began by calling tc 

 account those favourites of Nero who had enriched themselves by pro 

 seriptiona and confiscations, and by the senseless prodigality of tha 

 prince ; but it was found that moat of them had already diuipatc 

 their ill-gotten wealth. Oalba, or rather hU confidante who governe 

 him, then proceeded against the purchasers of their property, an 

 confiscations became again the order of the day. At the same tim 



Oalba exercised great paraimony in the administration, and endea- 

 oured to enforce a strict discipline among the soldiers, who had 



been used to the prodigality and licence of the previous reign. The 

 mperor, who was past seventy years of age, soon became the object 

 f popular dislike and ridicule, his favourites were hated, an 1 revolt* 



against htm broke out in various quarter*, several of which were put 

 own and punished severely. Galba thought of strengthening himself 

 y adopting Piso Licinianus, a young patrician of considerable personal 



merit, as Cesar and his successor ; upon which Otho, who had expected 



to be the object of his choice, formed a conspiracy among the guards, 



who proclaimed him emperor. Oalba, unable to walk, caused himself 

 o be carried in a litter, hoping to suppress the mutiny ; but at the 

 ppearanoo of Otho's armed partisans bis followers left him ; and even 

 be Utter-bearers threw the old man down and ran away. Some of 

 he legionaries came up and put Galba to death, after a reign of only 



seven months, counting from the time of Nero's death, A.D. 68. 

 Jalba wa* seventy-two year* of age at the time of his death. He was 

 ucceeded by Otho, but only for a short time, as Vitellius superseded 

 lira, and Vespasianus soon after superseded Vitellius. 



/fi*tor. L iv.) 



Coin of Galba. 

 Diltish Museum. Actual ie. Brass. Weight 395 grains. 



Reverses of coins of Galba. 



GALE'NUS, CLATT'DIUS, one of the most celebrated and valuable 

 of the ancient medical writers, was born at Pergamum, A.D. 131. The 

 exact time of his death is not known, but as he speaks of Pertinax 

 and Severus as emperors, we may conclude that Suidas (v. PaAijrus) ia 

 not far from the truth in stating that he lived to the age of seventy. 

 He was early instructed in the doctrines of the Aristotelian and Pla- 

 tonic philosophy, and appears also to have devoted some time to the 

 study of the peculiar tends of tho other sects; for while yet very 

 young, he wrote commentaries on the Dialectics of the Stoic 

 Chrysippug. 



HU anatomical and medical studies were commenced under Satyrus, 

 a celebrated anatomist; Stratonicus, a disciple of the Hippocratic 

 school ; and ,Kwhrion, a follower of the Empirics. After the death 

 of his father he travelled to Alexandria, at that time the most famous 

 school of medicine in the world. His studies were so zealously and 

 successfully pursued, that he was publicly invited to return to his 

 native country. At the age of thirty-four he settled himself iu Home, 

 when bU celebrity became so great from the success of his practice, 

 and more especially from hU great knowledge of anatomy, that ho 

 quickly drew upon himself the jealousy of all the Human physicians. 

 At the solicitation of many philosophers and men of rank, he com- 

 menced a course of lectures on anatomy ; but by the jealousy of MX 

 rivals he wa* quickly compelled to discontinue them, and eventually 

 to leave Rome entirely. 



The instruction which Galen had received in the principles of the 

 various sect* of medical philosophy, had given him an acquaintance 

 with the peculiar errors of each, and he speaks of them all at times 

 in the language of no measured contempt The school which W.H 

 founded by himself may jutly merit tha title of Eclectic, for its 

 doctrines were a mixture of the philosophy of Plato, of the physics 

 and logic of Aristotle, and of the practical knowledge of Hippocrates. 

 On many occasions he expresses himself strongly on the superiority of 

 theory to mere empiricism ; but upon those matters which do not 

 admit of being objects of experience, such ai the nature of tha 

 soul, bo confesses his ignorance and inability to give any plausible 

 explanation. 



