Jl 



OALF.IWS. 



GALIANO. ANTONIO ALCALA. 



printed by Aldus in Itvr, 

 and Theophrastus ; and in 1625 the 

 ompUte edition of the Greek text at 

 edited by And. and Fr. Asulanus, 



From 90 to SO trtataw* art ttill in manuscript, and 108 are mentioned 

 aa UM ascertained number of UMM that are lost. The writing* of 

 Gain art valuable, not only for the history of medicine, but the great 

 variety of miaoell!nooiii matter which they oontain. 



Numerao* edition* of bit works have been published, and several 

 Latin IrantsillniM. since the discovery of printing. Five Latin editions 

 of the collected work* of Galen published before the Greek text : 

 UM first Latin edition is that by Bonardua, Venice, 1400, 8 Tola. fol. 

 Hi* Historia Philoaophioa ' waa printed by Aldus in 1497, together 

 with torn* treatiaet of Aristotle and " 

 lame printer published UM Bret com] 

 Venice in 5 vols. foL, which was til 



and was dedicated to Clement VII. The text of this edition was by 

 BO means correct, but the impressions on large paper are scarce and 

 valuable. An edition waa published at Basel, 1562, in 4 vols. f..l., 

 with prolegomena, by the naturalist Geaner. Hit treatises, 'De 

 Methodo Medendi,' De Natural! Facilitate,' ' De Sanitate Tuenda,' 

 wore translated by our countryman Linacro ; and an edition of hit 

 treatiM, D* Sanitate Tuenda,' and of some other works, was published 

 by Caiue. More recently an edition in Greek and Latin has been pub- 

 liahed by C. O. Kuhn (20 vols. 8vo, Liptiic, 1821-33). Most of the 

 writing* of Galen exist also in Arabic, and some in Hebrew translations. 

 The reputation of this great writer waa for a long time aa unbounded 

 and his authority as absolute among the Arab* as among the physicians 

 of Europe. 



(Harvey, Extrtit. Anatom. ; Sprengel, Ilittory of Medicine; Clark, 

 Rejarl of A*imal Pkyriology, from the Trant. of Brit. Auoc., 1834 ; 

 Fabricius, Bib. Grae.; Choulant, Jfandbuck der Badierkiitdc fur die 

 Aehrrt Htdici.) 



UALKRIUS. [MAXrxuxOB.] 



OALIA'XI, FERDINANDO, was born at Cbieti, in the Abruzzo, 

 in 1728, and studied at Naples, where he first attracted attention by 

 some humorous compositions which he published under an assumed 

 name, to ridicule certain pedantic academicians (' Componimenti varii 

 per la morte di Domeaioo Jannaccone caruefice della Gran Corte 

 (lella Vic-aria,' 1749). In the following year his important work, 

 ' Delhi Moneta,' on the coin,' or ' currency,' was aUo published under 

 an assumed name. In this work he established the principle, which 

 was then far from being acknowledged, that money is a merchandise, 

 and that its value and interest ought to be left free like other goods. 

 This work produced a great sensation on the Continent, and espe- 

 cially at Naples, where the government adopted its principles, and left 

 the trade in bullion free. It is generally believed that Bartolommeo 

 Intieri and the Marquis Rinuccini, two Tuscan economists of thst 

 time, furnished Qaliani, who was then a young man scarcely twenty- 

 one yean of age, with their ideas on the subject, which Galiani 

 extended and produced in a readable shape. He published a second 

 edition of this work, thirty years after, in 1780, with additions. In 

 the first book he examines the intrinsic value of the precious metals, 

 independent of their use ss currency ; in the second he treats of the 

 use of a metallic currency as a medium of exchange ; and in the third 

 he diseuita* the relative value of the three metals used for coin, the 

 conventional value of the coined currency of a country in relation to 

 the price* of goods, and the occasional expedient adopted by some 

 governments to raise the value of the currency. 



In 1759 Galiani was sent to Paris as secretary of legation, and his 

 vivacity, wit, and repartee rendered him a favourite among the 

 fashionable and literary coteries of that capital. He remained in 

 Paris several yean, visited England and Holland, and on his return 

 to France wrote hit ' Dialogues sur le Commerce des Bus,' which was 

 his second work on political economy. He did not publish this essay 

 himself, but left the manuscript in the hands*Xf Diderot, who had it 

 printed in 1770. The French economists were then divided into two 

 parties, one of which advocated a free trade in corn, and the other 

 was opposed to it An edict, published in 1764, permitting the free 

 exportation of corn, was followed by a rise of prices and a scarcity, 

 which by some were considered as the effects of that measure, whilst 

 others denied the inference. Galiani supported neither of the two 

 systems absolutely : he contended that the laws concerning the corn- 

 trade must vary according to the situation of various states, the 

 nature and cultivation of the respective soils, the relative position of 

 their corn district* or provinces, and also the form of their govern- 

 ments. In a letter to Suard, dated 1770, he explain! himself more 

 clearly on this last topic, saying, "that under a despotic government 

 a free exportation of corn might prove dangerous, as it might be 

 followed by a famine, which would rouse the people against its rulers ; 

 that in a democracy the same freedom is a natural result of the 

 political institutions; whilst in mixed and temperate governments 

 the freedom of the corn-trade must be modified by circumstance*." 



On his return to Naples, Galiani was appointed by the king to the 

 Board of Trad*, and afterwards to the Board of Finances, and to the 

 superintendence of the crown domains. His health, naturally weak, 

 Buffered from constant application, and he died in October 1787, at 

 the age of fifty-nine year*. He left in manuscript a commentary or 

 serin of disquisitions on the life and character of Horace and the 

 spirit of bis poems, extract! from which are found in the ' Corre- 

 spondence deOaliani avcc Madame d'Epinay,' Paris, 1818 ; in the notes 

 to the < Traduxione d'Orazio di T. Gargallo,' Naples, 1820 ; in the 



' Vita dell' abate Ferdinand.) Oaliani. scritta da Luigi Diodati,' Naples 

 1738; and in tlio 'Melange* da 1'abW Suard, tires de la Gasette 

 litu'-rairp d'Europe ; ' aet alto Ugoui, "Delia Letteratura Italians,' 

 vol. ii., art. ' ( laliani.' 



Mi U.I AND, ANTONIO ALCALA, one of the most eminent of 

 modern Spanish authors and politicians, was born at Cadiz on the 22nd 

 of July 1789. His father, Don DionUio Aloalit Oaliauo, a distinguished 

 naval officer, was tent in 1792 in command of an expedition from 

 Lima to discover a northern passage from the Pacific to the Atlantic, 

 and published an account of the voyage, ' Relaoion del Viaje hecho por 

 las goletas Sutil y Mexican*,' which has been often referred to since 

 recent events have drawn attention to the coasts of California and 

 Oregon. Antonio, who at the age of seven was mad* a cadet of the 

 royal Spsnish guards, accompanied his father on a voyage to Naples 

 to fetch the Neapolitan bride of the Prince of the Asturias, afterwards 

 Ferdinand VlL, and became passionately fond of the sea, but his father 

 would not listen to his desire to enter the service. Don Dioni*i iVIl 

 by a cannon-ball at the battle of Trafalgar, when his son was of the 

 age of sixteen. The boy hai from his earliest years been remarkably 

 liberal in his opinions, but three years after, when the invasion of 

 Spain by Napoleon took place, he joined with ardour the cause of 

 independence, and took refuge in Cadiz, where he soon began to show 

 his talents as a writer on political subjects. His maternal uncle wai 

 at that time one of the regency, but Guliano, thinking the regency too 

 deferential to the Duke of Wellington and the English, assailed them 

 in an article which, among other consequences, seems to have had that 

 of causing him to lose his appointment to a post in the embassy at 

 London. He went to Sweden instead, from which he returned in 1*14, 

 aud waa so indignant at the turn affairs had taken in the re-establish- 

 ment of Ferdinand VII., that he became an active conspirator again t 

 the government, and had a large share in the revolt of the Isle of Leon, 

 which established the constitution of 1820. Elected a member of the 

 Cortes, he became the principal orator of the liberal party, and dis- 

 played extraordinary powers of fervid eloquence. It was he who 

 proposed the answer returned by the Spanish ministry to the Congress 

 of Verona, and the suspension of the kiug from his authority. Uu the 

 triumph of the French invasion undtr the Duke of Angoulume, he 

 was of course compelled to seek safety in flight, and took refuge in 

 England, where he resided for the seven years from 1823 to 1830. 

 lie learned to speak the English language well, and to write it still 

 better; and was indebted for much of his support to the articles he 

 wrote in the English reviews, particularly the ' Westminster ' and the 

 ' Foreign Quarterly.' On the establishment of the London University 

 he was appointed the first professor of the Spanish language and 

 literature, and his introductory lecture, delivered on the 15th of 

 November 1828, was admired for its matter, its composition, and its 

 delivery. 



His most important production in English is however his ' History 

 of Spanish Literature in the 1 '.' th Century,' published in the ' Athe- 

 naeum' for 1834, which is decidedly superior in many rcnpects to 

 everything else that has been written on the subject, and which it is 

 to be much regretted bos not made its appearance in a separate form. 

 Before its publication, Galiano had left England, having, on tha 

 occurrence of the French Revolution of 1830, thrown up his professor- 

 ship, and gone first to Paris and then to Tours, in the hope that new 

 projects were opening for Spain. He was disappointed in hU hopes 

 of an outbreak, and while King Ferdinand lived his name was 

 expressly excepted from every amnesty. In 1834 he was at last, in 

 the ministry of Martinez de la Rosa, allowed to enter Spain. He soon 

 resumed his former eminence as a political writer and a speaker in 

 the Cortes, and in 1 835 was thrown into prison by the then minister, 

 Toreno, because an insurrection of the force called the urban militia 

 liad taken place, with which he stood in no kind of connection, but 

 which was in support of the principles he advanced in the Cortes. He 

 liurt his influence soon after by forsaking the Meudizabal ministry 

 which he had supported, and allying himself with Mendizabal's oppo- 

 nent, Isturiz, in conjunction with whom he came into power, and in 

 conjunction with whom he was overthrown l>y the strange revolution 

 of i.i (iraiija. Two years and three mouths after he had entered 

 Spain from France as an exile who had suffered for liberal opinions, 

 be made his escape into France from Spain, with his life threatened 

 as the member of an anti-liberal ministry. The new government of 

 Madrid, by on extra-judicial proceeding, condemned him with Toreno 

 and others to the loss of bis employments and the sequestration of his 

 property, but in the same year he, with Ton-no, returned to the Cortes 

 ind again took part in political affairs. In 1840 he had once more to 

 By for his life in consequence of an insurrection at Barcelona, and in 

 1842 he was again in London, where he published a pamphlet in 

 English, entitled ' An Appeal to the Good Sense of the British Nation 

 in favour of the moderate Spanish liberals, by a Spaniard.' By this 

 time however he had fallen into discredit as a politician, from doubts 

 both as to his consistency and his courage, and his friends were not 

 displeased to see him devote himself more closely to a literary career. 

 One of his most important literary productions was a translation into 

 Spanish of Dr. Dunham's ' History of Spain,' originally published in 

 ' Lardner's Cabinet Cyclopaedia,' in which Galiano was assisted with 

 introductory and other matter by hit friends Donoso Cortes and 

 Martinez de la Rosa, Ue has also translated Thicrs' ' History of the 



