OALLAUDET, REV. THOMAS HOPKINS. 



GALLUS, a 



- 1 



cooU have upheld the doctrine of phrenology against the strong tide 

 of rational opposition and ridicule with which it was assailed. Whether 

 the *itsm be received or not, it will be granted that both In the col- 

 Wettoo of psychological fact* which they had formed, and have put 

 hehed, aad by the ouotributions which they have made to the study of 

 UM (tractor* of the brain, to which their later labour* had been par- 

 ttoularly directed, they have conferred very great benefit* on medical 



The character of i>r. Gall's writing* U vivid anil powerful ; 

 hi* description*, though (light, are accurate and striking; but hu 

 works are too Tolominou* to be acceptable to the majority of readers, 



thm* of Dr. Spunhefao, to which however in substantial Talue they 

 are far nperior. They eompriee-' Philoophi*oh-Medicini*ohe Unter- 

 mfriiiire*! Uber Xatar und Kunst im Kranken, and Qeninden Zuitande 

 dee Menechen, 1 Svo, Leipxig. 1800; 'Antlomie et Phyaiojogie dn 

 flJMMoe Nerveux en general, et du Cerreau en partioulier : Mrfmoire 

 nmmult a I'lnititut, Man, 1808 ; ' and nnder the same title his great 

 work in 4 Tola. 4to, and atlai folio, pnblUhed in Paris, from 1810 to 

 1810, of which the first and half the second volume were written iu con- 

 junction with Dr. Spuraheim ; and Sur 1'Urigine dea qoalito* morale* 

 et dee Faeulte* inUUectuelle* de 1' Homme,' Tola, STO, Part*, 1825. 



OALLAUDKT, REV. THOMAS HOPKINS, to whom America U 

 indebted tor the introduction of instruction for the deaf and dumb, 

 wa* born at Philadelphia, December 10, 1787. Earing passed through 

 Tale College, he commenced the study of the law, but being forced 

 to abandon it, in consequence of ill health, engaged for awhile in 

 commercial pursuit*; then, in 1814, entered the theological seminary 

 at Andorer, and upon being licensed to preach, was chosen pastor of 

 a congregational church at Portsmouth, New Hampshire. While 

 thus occupied he became much interested in a little deaf and dumb 

 girl, Alice Cogswell, the daughter of a friend, and be was induced to 

 attempt to instruct her. In this he wa* by great patience Tery suo- 

 Htful, and her father, Dr. Cogswell of Hartford, wa* incited by the 

 great benefit which hi* child had derived, to earnest efforts to extend 

 the blesnngi of education to other children suffering under a similar 

 deprivation. An association was formed, and fund* being provided, 

 a requisition wa* made to Mr. Qallaudet to resign his ministry, and 

 proceed to Europe for the purpose of learning the system and 

 organisation of the existing deaf and dumb institutions'. 



After some hesitation, caused by a reluctance to separate from his 

 flock, he accepted the offer, and in May 1815 embarked on hi* mission. 

 He first addressed himself to the London Deaf and Dumb Asylum, 

 bat after considerable correspondence he wa* refuged admission to 

 the asylum, except a* ordinary junior assistant, and to perform the 

 usual drudgery of that das* of assistants. As this he found would 

 hare obliged him to spend at least three years in the school, without 

 any corresponding gain, he proceeded to Edinburgh, where there was 

 an asjlum in considerable reputation. But there, while the com- 

 mittee and master showed every sympathy with him, and would have 

 been glad to assist him in his excellent object, there wa* an obstacle 

 which it was found impoasible to surmount The teacher bad learnt 

 hi* system from the Meson. Braidwood [BRAIOWOOD, THOMAS], and 

 had been compelled by them to sign an engagement not to impart the 

 method to any other person intending to become a teacher. 



Thus baffled, Oallaudet waa compelled to try Paris. Hero ho met 

 from the Abbe Sicard a warm welcome. Everything was laid freely 

 open to him, and every mean* that could be devised wa* used to 

 accelerate his acquisition of the desired knowledge. He was able to 

 return to America before the close of 1816, and the Abbd Sicard 

 cheerfully consented to Lawrence Le Clerc, himself a deaf-mute, 

 who had been one of the pupil*, and was then one of the most 

 valued teacher* of the institution (he bad indeed been already desig- 

 nated it* 'glory and support'), accompanying him to America, 

 During hi* absence in Europe, the society had been incorporated; 

 Mr. Qallaodet wa* now appointed its principal, Le Clerc being his 

 head assUtant, and on the ISth of April 1817, ' The American Asylum 

 for the Deaf and Dumb,' at Hartford, Connecticut, was formally 

 opened. 



Mr. Oallaudet remained the active head of the asylum until 1830, 

 when he rrsigned from failing health. His devotion to hi* duties 

 had been moet exemplary, and hi* success a* a teacher we are told 

 wa* " uniform and pre-eminent" The system which he in conjunction 

 with Mr. Le Clerc ultimately established, and which baa been adopted 

 in the other asylum* (of which there an now fourteen) in the United 

 State*, wa* founded on that of the Abbd Sicard, but with very 

 considerable modification*. It i* known a* the American system. 

 The main principle with Mr. Gallaudet was to call out the intelligence 

 of the pupil a* much a* possible, by exercising him in describing 

 things for himself, and to discourage the mere learning by rote ; and 

 the result wa* to stimulate the mind of the teacher, as well a* of 

 the pupil, in no ordinary degree. 



Mr. Oallaudei's exertions were by no mean* confined to the deaf 

 and dumb aaylum. He took an ardent and active interest in the 

 improvement and extension of common schools, and in the raising up 

 of a superior body of teachers, and wrote- several pamphlet* on the 

 object. He also xealously advocated the adoption of mean* of 

 imparting moral and religious training to prisoners ; and he was an 

 earnest promoter of UM movement for improving the management of 



the insane. So strongly did he feel on thi* matter that, though in 

 bat fwble health, he accepted in 1883 the office of chaplain of tin. 

 State ' Retreat for the Insane,' at Hartford ; where, it U sUted, " the 

 experience of each successive year furnished accumulating evidence 

 of the uaefalnru of hi* labours, and the efficacy of kind moral treat- 

 ment, and a wise religion* influence in the melioration and caro of 

 the insane." 



He ilied on the 10th of September 1S51. About twelve month* 

 before hi* death, the good old man, and hi* colleague Mr. Lo Clerc, 

 had the gratification of receiving from the deaf-mute* in America, a* 

 a testimonial of their gratitude, a service of plate each ; and on the 

 death of Gallaudet, hi* fellow-citizens proposed to erect a monument 

 to hi* memory, a* a mark of their sense of hi* services ; but a soon 

 a* their intention became known, the deaf and dumb ur.-i- 1 their 

 uperior claim to the performance of that duty, and accordingly a 

 handaome and costly monument wa* erected to his memory at Hart- 

 ford, at the " sole expense of the deaf-mutea of the United State* ; " 

 the designer and the architect of the monument being both deaf and 

 dumb persona, 



The publication* of Mr. Oallaudet are numerous but chieSy 

 pamphlet* on the education of the deaf and dumb, and on 

 cations! matters ; leaton book* ; and article* in educational journal*. 

 Uut he also published a volume of sermon*, and some books for tin 

 yonng, one of which, The Child's Hook of the Soul,' had an extende 1 

 popularity both in America and England, and was translated into 

 French, Spanish, Italian, and Oermsn. 



(Barnard, Tribute to Gallaudet, Svo, Hartford, U.S., 1352.) 



QALLIE'NUS, PUBLIUS LICINIUS, aon of the Emperor Vale- 

 rianus, wa* made Cesar and colleague to hi* fath. r A.D. Vl. In a 

 great battle near Milan ho defeated the Alemanui nnd other northern 

 tribe* which had made an irruption into North Italy, and gave 

 evidence of bis personal bravery and abilities. He wa* also well 

 informed in literature, and wa* both an orator and a poet. 

 Vnlerianus wa* taken prisoner by the Persians, in 260, Gallienus took 

 the reins of government, and was acknowledged as Augustus. He 

 appears to have given himself up to debauchery and the company of 

 profligate persons, neglecting the interest* of the empire, and taking 

 no step* to effect the rrlea<! of his father from his hard captivity, in 

 which be died. The barbarians attacked the empire on every side ; 

 revolt* broke out in various provinces, where several commanders 

 assumed the title of emperor, whilst Gallienu* was loitering at Home 

 with his favourites and mistresses. Tet now and then he seemed to 

 awaken from hi* torpor at the news of the advance of the invader*, 

 and, putting himself at the head of the legion*, be defeated Ingenus, 

 who had usurped the imperial title iu lllyricum. But he disgraced his 

 victory by horrible cruelties. Meantime Probus, Aureliouus, and 

 other able commanders, were strenuously supporting the honour of 

 the Roman arms in the east, where Odenatus, prince of Palmyra, 

 acted a* a useful ally of the Romans against the Persians. Usurpers 

 arose in Egypt, in the Gauls, iu Thrace, in almost every province of 

 the empire, from which circumstance this period has been styled ' the 

 reign of the thirty tyrants.' At last Aureolus, a man of obscure 

 birth (some say a Daciau shepherd originally), but a brave soldier, 

 wa* proclaimed emperor by the troops in lllyricum, entered Italy, 

 took possession of Milan, and even marched against Rome while 

 Gallicnus wa* absent. Oallieuus returned quickly, repulsed Aureolug, 

 and defeated him in a great battle near the Adda, after which the 

 usurper shut himself up in Milan, where he was besieged by Oallienus ; 

 but during the siege the emperor was murdered by some conspirators, 

 in 268. He wa* succeeded by Claudius II. Trebellius 1'ollio has 

 written a history of the reign of Gullienus. See also Zonara*, 

 Aureliua Victor, and Eutropius. 



Coin of GaliienUK. 

 BrlUnh Museum. Actual siio. Copper gilt. Weight 223 grains. 



OALLUS, AELIUS, a contemporary of Cicero, and a learned jurist, 

 wrote a treatise on the signification of terms (Oellius, x. 22), IY..M 

 which a single excerpt is given in the 'Digest' (60, tit. 16, s. 167). 



OALLUS, C. AQUILIUS, was a Roman eques and a. friend of 

 Cicero. He wa* pnctor ac. 66. Oallus was a pupil of Q. Muc-ins 

 Sctovola, the Pontifex, and obtained a great reputation a* a jurist. 

 He was both a skilful advocate and a learned expounder of the law. 

 The distinguished jurist Servius Sulpiciu* was a pupil of Oallus, and 

 either edited hi* works or incorporated them in hi* own writings. 

 Oallus wa* pnctor in tbo same year that Cicero was, and presided on 

 the trial* on ' ambitus ' (bribery at elections) ; and accordingly Cicero 



