11 



OARNKT, 1IKNRY. 



(UBOTALa 



spirit how.T.r wu won employed in another scheme, the 

 _ 80s of wbkh were not equally harmless to him. The queen 

 (CMheriiM Prr>. who was secretly great favourer of the reformers, 

 utd had admitted their prcher into her apartments, in conversation 

 with the king. whose illness added to hi* ordinary impatience, main- 

 tetned the new doctrines, discoursing rerv warmlv upon the subject 

 TUi vexed the king, who communicated Lit displeasure to Gardiner. 

 who to please hit master (a* be thought), now begun to plot againit 

 the qaean. going to far as to write articles of impeachment against 

 her. In this atUck the chancellor WM associated with him : and 

 through an accident occasioned by him, the queen discovered the con- 

 spiracy, and by her good MOM and character, which gave her great 

 influence over the king's mind, coupled with considerable ndroitneea 

 of management, she escaped the accusation. Gardiner wa never able 

 to regain the favour or countenance of the king. (Burnet) 



At Henry's death Gardiner experienced a still greater reverse. The 

 young king and hi* government proceeded to make further religious 

 change*; the use of holy water wu decried, and homilies were com- 

 posed which the clergy, who had abused their power of preaching, were 

 ordered to substitute for sermons : a general visitation also was ordered, 

 si which the new articles and injunctions were to be circulated. These 

 things offended Gardiner, and he totally condemned them in no mea- 

 sured terms. If this behaviour was rash, it was also high-spirited and 

 consistent. The consequence* followed, as might have been foreseen. 

 The council, on his refusal to comply with their injunctions, com- 

 mitted him to the Fleet. Here be was confined until the act of general 

 amnesty, which passed in the December after the accession of Edward, 

 released him. As soon as he was free he went down to his diocese, 

 and while there he remained unmolested ; but on his return to Lon- 

 don, on account of a certain sermon which he preached on St Peter's 

 Day, he was seised and committed to the Tower (1548). Various con- 

 ferences were held with him, and his release was promised him on 

 condition that he would express his contrition for the past, promise 

 obedience for the future, subscribe the new settlement in religion, 

 acknowledge the royal cnpremacy, and the abrogation of the six articles. 

 With the first of these conditions alone did he absolutely refuse to 

 comply. The terms of liberation were afterwards rendered still more 

 difficult The number of articles that he was called upon to subscribe 

 was considerably increased. On bis refusal to sign them, his bishopric 

 wss sequestered, and he was soon afterwards deprived. 



For more than five years Gardiner suffered close imprisonment, and 

 it wss not until the beginning of the reign of Mary that his liberty 

 wss restored (1553). If his fall from power at the conclusion of 

 Henry's reign had been great and sudden, still greater and more 

 sudden was the rapidity of his reinstatement. A Roman Catholic 

 quren was on the throne, and he who had been ever the foremost of 

 her partisans must necessarily be raised to be one of her first advisers. 

 The chancellorship was conferred upon him. His bishopric was 

 re-tored, and the conduct of affairs placed in his hands. The manage- 

 ment of the queen's marriage-treaty was intrusted to him. He was 

 chosen to officiate at her marriage, as he had also done at her 

 coronation, and became her most confidential adviser. No matters, 

 whatever they might be, could be proceeded in without bis privity 

 and concurrence ; and be had his full share in the persecutions of this 

 reign. The horrors which were not committed by bis actual orders 

 must at least have obtained his sanction, for he had reached a height 

 of power, both civil and ecclesiastical, perhaps unequalled in this 

 kingdom except by his master Wolsey alone. He died on the 12th 

 of November 1555. His funeral was conducted with great pomp and 

 magnificence. A list of his writings is given in Tanner'* ' llibl. 

 Britannico-Hibernica,' p. 308. 



The character of Gardiner may be stated in a few worJs. He was 

 a man of great ability ; bis general knowledge was more remarkable 

 than his learning ss a divine. He was ambitious and revengeful, and 

 wholly unscrupulous. His first object wss his own preservation and 

 advancement, and his next the promotion of his party interest. He 

 saw deeply into the characters of those with whom he dealt, dealt 

 with them with remarkable tact, and had an accurate foresight of 



GARNET, HENRY, superior of the Jesuits in England, WAS the 

 son of a schoolmaster at Nottingham, and was born about the year 

 1554. He wss educated in the Protestant religion at Winchester 

 College, whence it wss intended that he should go to New College, 

 Oxford, and bis not having done so has been assigned to different causes 

 by I'rotcstant and Roman Catholic writers. He removed from Winches- 

 ter to London, where he became corrector of the press to a celebrated 

 law-printer; and, having turned Roman Catholic, travelled first to 

 Spain and thence to Rome, where he entered the society of Jesuits in 

 1575. In the Jesuits' College, at Rome, he studied with great 

 industry, became professor of Hebrew and teacher of the mathe- 

 matics, and obtained such credit that in 1686 ha was appointed to tho 

 English mission. Two years afterwards he was named Superior of 

 the English Jesuits, the duties of which office he discharged with 

 leal and punctuality. For several years previously to the I'owder 

 Plot he remained in the neighbourhood of London, following various 

 occupations in order to disguise his real calling. He was well known 

 to have been implicated in the treasonable intrigue with the King of 

 Spain immediately before the death of Queen Elizabeth, and was 



suspected of other seditions practices. In order to protect himself 

 from penal consequences, he purchased a general pardon upon the 

 accession of James L His association with disaffected recusants 

 exposed him to the continued suspicion of the government, who did 

 not regard him more favourably for that he was intimate with many 

 of the Roman Catholic nobility, more especially with Lord Vaux, 

 whose eldest daughter, Anne Vaux, after her father's death followed 

 the fortunes of Uarnet with singular attachment In September 1605 

 a pilgrimage to St Winifred's Well, in Flintshire, was undertaken by 

 Uarnet, in company with persons who were actively concerned at that 

 time in the promotion of the Gunpowder Plot ; and it is suspected 

 that this unusual proceeding must have had 'some reference to the 

 great blow that in two months afterwards it was intended to strike for 

 the Roman Catholic Church. When the Powder Plot was discovered 

 Garnet was in the neighbourhood of Coughton, the general rendezvous 

 of the conspirators; but he removed for greater safety to Uendlip 

 Hall, near Worcester, at the request of one Hall, otherwise called 

 Oldcorne, a Jesuit, who was domestic priest to Mr. Abington, the 

 brother-in-law of Lord Mouuteagle, and proprietor of that house. In 

 Hendlip were many secret passages and hiding-places which served for 

 concealment, and to one of these Garnet and Oldcorne were soon 

 forced to retreat ; for Sir Henry Bromley, commissioned by the lords 

 of tho council, invested the house, and vigorously searched every 

 room. A bill of attainder was introduced into parliament, which 

 recited that Garnet, Grecnway, Gerard, Creswell, Baldwin, Hammond, 

 Hall (Oldcorne), and Westmorland, all Jesuits, had been guilty of 

 treasonable correspondence with Spain, after and before the death of 

 Queen Elizabeth. Father Gerard fled to the continent ; Father 

 Greenway also, after very narrowly escaping an arrest, lamli i in 

 Flanders; but Garnet and Oldcorno were not so fortunate. Being 

 cramped for want of space within their hiding-place at Hendlip, they 

 were compelled to leave it after a confinement of seven days and as 

 many nights, and were seized and conveyed to London, February 1 '2, 

 1606. 



The lords had now determined to proceed against them as conspira- 

 tors in the Powder Plot. Evidence sufficient for their conviction had 

 not yet been obtained, but every method was used to procure it, and 

 these methods soon proved to be effectual. Oldcorne was tortured ; 

 Garnet's letters were intercepted : conversations were promoted 

 between the two prisoners, who, while tliey thought themselves in 

 private, were in fact secretly listened to by spies, who wrote down 

 their words, and other unfair practices were also used ; but for these, 

 as for Garnet's view of equivocation (p. 315), we must refer to 

 Mr. Jardine's curious account of Garnet's trial. ('Criminal Trials," 

 vol. ii.) The guilt of both prisoners was proved : Garnet was hanged in 

 May 1606, in the city of London ; Oldcorne had been executed at 

 Worcester in the preceding month. They were both considered 

 martyrs by the Roman Catholics. 



It is certain that more English Jesuits than we have named were at 

 least aware, if they did not take a part in the conspiracy of the Powder 

 Plot. It is also probable that there were persons upon the Continent 

 who, through Fawkes, liayhaui, or other conspirators, bad become 

 acquainted with the intended treason. But it docs not appear that 

 any body of Jesuits, either at home or abroad, were formally led to 

 expect that an attempt was to be made to restore the Roman Catholics 

 to power; much less by what means the attempt would be made. 



GARNIEU, JEAN JAQUES, was born in 1729, in the province of 

 Maine, of poor parents, who gave him however a superior education. 

 At the age of eighteen he left his home and travelled on foot to Paris, 

 where a happy chance made him acquainted with the sub-principal of 

 the college of Harcourt, who perceiving his uncommon talents and 

 acquirements, took him under his patronage, and procured him a 

 situation at the college. About 1760 he was appointed professor 

 of Hebrew at the College do Franco, of which he afterwards became 

 inspector. On the death of Villaret in 1766 he was appointed histo- 

 riographer of France, in which capacity he published in 1770 the 

 ninth volume, in 4to, of Velly and Villaret's 'History of France,' 

 beginning with the year 1469. Continuing hie labours en this work, 

 he produced the thirteenth volume, which brings the history of 

 France down to the middle of tho reign of Charles IX. He was also 

 the author of the following works : ' L'Homme des Lettres,' Paris, 

 1764, 2 yols., in 12mo, in which he lays down an ingenious method 

 for forming a man of letters ; ' Traitd de 1'Origiuc du Gouvernement 

 Francois,' Paris, 1765, 12mo ; ' Le Commerce remis a fa Place,' 1 7 J7, 

 1 2mo ; ' Le Batard Lcgitime, on le Triomphe du Comique Larmoyont,' 

 1757, 12mo. He likewise wrote several papers in the 'Memoirs of 

 tho Academy of Inscriptions;' and among other subjects, on the 

 philosophy of the ancients, and especially on that of Plato, of which 

 he was a great admirer. Gamier died in 1805, at the age of seventy- 

 ftr* 



OAROFA'LO, the name by which Benvenuto Tisio is commonly 

 known, apparently from his adoption of a gilliQower (garofalo) for his 

 monogram. Garofalo is the most distinguished of the Ferrarese 

 painters : he belongs however to the Roman school. He was born in 

 the Ferrarese in 1481, and was first instructed in design by Domenico 

 Pannetti, from whom ho went to his uncle Niccolo Soriani at Cremona. 

 After the death of his uncle in 1499, ho left Cremona and repaired in 

 1500 to Rome, where he remained fifteen months with Giovanni 



