GAKVK. CHRISTIAN. 



OASSE, 8TEFANO AND LUIQI. 



!6 



Moood and third ; Uay. Pop*, Congreve, Bom, and other lets diatln- 

 goi*bed men were also concerned. Garth himself contributed the 

 fourteenth ud put of the fifteenth book, with critical preface, 

 stkhlisali ooUoed by Dr. Johnson. 



OAJIVE. CHKISTIAN, wat bom at Breslau in UM year 1741 At 

 an rariy ax* he loot hit father, aiid he wat indebted for hi* education 

 to the solicitude of hu mother, lie attended the gymnasium at 

 Brealau, and wai designed for the church, which however on account 

 of the delicaU aUU of bit health, he never entered. In 1760 he 

 attended the high eebool at Halle for the purpoee of studying mathe- 

 matics and philosophy, which studies be continued to punuo at the 

 university of Leipiig, when Orllert, Wei**e, and other* were hi* 

 friend*. Ho returned to hi* mother't house at Breslau in 1767, and 

 todied 10 hard at to injure hi* naturally weak oonetitution, and to 

 bring on a hypochondriac*! temperament. On the death of Oellert in 

 1709, Uarre wat ceiled to Leipzig to fill tho racaut profeeeonhip, 

 and he read lecture* on puce mathematics and logic u long u 

 hi* declining health would allow, till at la*t he wa* obliged to 

 resign hi* office, and return to hi* native town, whore he wa* a 

 pirate teacher for nearly tho remainder of hit life. A tnn*- 

 Ution of Burke 'On the Sublime and Beautiful,' and of other 

 Kngtieh work*, first made him known to the literary world; and hi* 

 Philoaophical Treaties*' (' Philosophisohe Abhandlungen '), published 

 in 1779, gained bim such reputation that Frederick the Great invited 

 him to Charluttenburg and treated him with marked respect At 

 the euggettiou of the king he published an edition of Cicero'* ' Office*,' 

 which appeared in 1783, and. went through four edition*. Carre* 

 but yean were passed in great misery. He bore hi* Bufferings with 

 the moat exemplary fortitude, and died in 1798. 



(Jarre i one of those writer* who were called philosophers before 

 German philoeopby had assumed that peculiar character which it 

 bean at present Hi* treatise* are in a popular style, and are on 

 subject* of general and practical interest, such as ' patience under 

 calamity,' the ' advantage* of a moral life,' and so on. Garve trans- 

 lated the ' Politik,' ' Ethic*,' and ' Rhetoric ' of Aristotle into German ; 

 tbeee translation*, though not without their merits, by no mean* 

 preeent a faithful counterpart of the original*. 



GASCOKJNK, GEORGE, wa* the eon of Sir John Gascoigue, the 

 head of an ancient family in Essex. The date of hi* birth U uncertain ; 

 but it wa* not later, and may have been earlier, than the year 1637. 

 He was educated at Cambridge, and afterward* entered at Gray'* 

 Inn as a student of law; but his youthful prodigality caused Li* 

 father to disinherit him, as far as it was possible to do so. Upon this, 

 having endeavoured in vain to obtain employment at home, he 

 embarked for Holland, and took service a* a soldier of fortune under 

 William, Prince of Orange, whose favour he gained in two years of 

 hard warfare. At the end of this time he wa* one of five hundred 

 Englishmen who, being left to gorrUon the indefensible fort of Falken- 

 burf, fought their way to the walls of Leyden during its liege, but 

 being refuted admittance, were compelled to surrender to the 

 Spaniards. Their live* were spared ; and they were sent home to 

 England after being kept four mouths as prisoners. Here Gascoigue 

 returned the study of the law, but never prosecuted the profession 

 seriously or with success ; and be appear* to have possessed means 

 sufficient for his subsistence, although we read of his having been at 

 on* time, towards the close of his Ufa, a prisoner in the CompUr. 1 1 

 married (it is said) a Scottish lady whom he met in France; and 

 usually resided at Walthamstow in his native county, where garden- 

 ing and literary composition were hi* chief employments. In 1675, 

 having been introduced to Queen Elizabeth, he attended one of her 

 progresses; and at Kenil worth, on that occasion, he recited verses 

 before her, and wrote an account of the pageantries. It will be 

 recollected what use Sir Walter Scott ha* made of this incident He 

 died of some slow disease, at Stamford, on the 7th of October 1677, 

 commending his wife and child to the bounty of the queen. 



The earliest of Gascoigne 's printed volumes bears date 1672; and 

 his works were collected U n years after his death, in a volume bearing 

 this title : ' The whole Woorkes of George Gascoigne, Etquyre : newly 

 coiupyled into one volume : that is to say, HU Flowers, Hearbes, 

 Weeds*; the Fruite* of Warre; the Comedie called Supposes; the 

 Tngedie of loouta ; the Steel Glane ; the Complaynt of Phylomene ; 

 the Storie of Fcrdinando leronimi; and the Princely e Pleasures of 

 Kenelworth Castle,' London, 1587, 4to, black letter. The chief among 

 his non-dramatic poems is the satire called 'The Steel Glasse,' 

 written in blank verse, and first printed in 1576. This poem, with 

 the ' Fruite* of Warre' (which gives many particulars of the author's 

 life), and several other specimen* of his poetry, are reprinted in 

 Southey'i 'Select Work* of the Britiah Pott*, from Chaucer to 

 Jonton,' 1831 ; and either from those, or from pieces given by 

 Campbell and others, a notion may be formed of the serious ethical 

 tone of feeling, the frequency of familiar illustration, and the antique 

 and half allrgoric cast of imagery, which distinguish the works of 

 this interesting old poet. Hi* pros* ' Motes of Instruction concerning 

 UM makynge of verse,' have been reprinted by Mr. Haslewood, in his 

 Ancient Critical Essays upon English Poet* and Poesy,' 1816. Gas- 

 coigne huld* likewise a place in the hittory of the English drama. 

 Hi* comedy of 'The Supposes,' a free translation from 'GU Sup. 

 poaiti,' of Ariotto, wa* Ant performed by the gentlemen of Gray'* 



Inn in 1666 ; and is the earliest prose play existing in the language : 

 it* chief importance arises from the us* supposed to have been made 

 of it in ' The Taming of the Shrew.' The ' locasta,' first played at the 

 same place and in the tame year a* ' The Suppose*,' is founded upon 

 the ' Phmniass) ' of Euripides, of which however it is an ulter.d um, 

 ather than a translation. Three authors had part in it, Qascoigiu>, 

 Francis Kinwelmanh, and Christopher Yelvcrton, Qasooigue working 

 on the second, third, and fifth acts. Some specimen* of it, with a 

 short critical estimate, will be found in Collier's ' History of English 

 Dramatic Poetry.' It is mainly curious as having been the second 

 drama in blank verse which wa* composed in our language. Mr. Collier 

 rive* also an account of another dramatic piece of Gascoigne, ' The 

 31asse of Government,' first printed in 1575, which possesses very 

 little merit 



OASCOYGNE, WILLIAM, who wa* born about 1621, and who wo* 

 killed while fighting for Charles I. at Marston Moor, July 2, 1614, 

 wa* distinguished by having been the first inventor of tho i. 

 meter (about 1641). The instrument appears to have originally 

 consisted either of two parallel wires, or of two plate* of metal, placed 

 in the focus of the eye-glass of a telescope : the nearest edges of the 

 plates, which were ground fine, were parallel to one another ; and the 

 plates or the wires were capable of being moved, so that the image of an 

 object could be exactly comprehended between them : a scale served 

 Tor the measurement of the angle subtended by the interval, and 

 Gascoygne is said to have used this instrument for the purpose of 

 measuring the diameters of the moon and planets, and also for 

 determining the magnitude* or distances of terrestrial object*. 



GASKELL, MRS. ELIZABETH C., authoress, wife of the Rev. 

 William Gaakell, Unitarian minister, resident at Manchester. This 

 lady differs from most authoresses in many respects. She did not 

 commence literary pursuits, or rather, did not cultivate literature 

 actively, until comparatively late in life. Her works are not com- 

 posed of those grave experiences of life at eighteen where the world, 

 in evening dress, is surveyed through an opera-glass. Nor does 

 Mrs. Gaakell interfere with the graver descriptions of politics. In her 

 own words, she "understands nothing of Political Economy." Her 

 position, as wife of a minister, gave opportunity for the study of all 

 classes of society ; and especially for the contrasts between the rich 

 and tho poor. Her observations have formed tho basis of a series of 

 fictions in which the social character and condition of the manu- 

 facturing districts in the 19th century are most forcibly described ; 

 and in which the necessity for reform is dramatically inculcated, 

 whilst plans for effecting it are wisely left to other hands. Mrs. 

 Gaskell's first novel, 'Mary Barton,' published in 1843, is a striking 

 view of a state of society which is already to some extent passing away. 

 A 'Tale of Manchester Life,' it represents the struggles between 

 the mill-owners and the workmen, showing especially the evils that 

 result from strikes, and the causes which lead to them. Mrs. Uaskoll 

 thinks that the operatives, through extreme ignorance induced by 

 poverty and wretchedness, cannot understand how a muter may 

 become more and more wealthy, year by year, without wronging those 

 by whose labour their fortunes are made. They do not understand 

 the rights and the pains of capital ; but, on the other hau>l, the 

 masters do not always understand its duties. ' Mary Barton ' at unco 

 placed its authoress in a very high position amongst the writers of 

 the highest class of fiction. Four editions have been followed by one 

 hi a cheap form. For several years after this Mrs. Gaskell devoted 

 herself to periodical literature. She had previously contributed to 

 ' Howitt's Journal,' and other magazines ; and, on the establishment 

 of ' Household Words,' she became one of its most constant and 

 valued writers. 'The Moorland Cottage,' a Christmas story, was 

 published in the winter of 1850 ; and her second novel, ' Ruth,' early 

 in 1853. In 1855 Mrs. Gaskell published ' North and South,' a 

 novel, reprinted and almost rewritten from 'Household Word*.' 

 From the same source have also been collected the series of paper* 

 entitled ' Cranford,' and ' Lizzie Leigh,' Jtc. All have enjoyed great 

 popularity, and, like the novels, are now accessible in a cheap form. 

 ' Cranford,' especially is noticeable ; depicting tho life of a village an 

 old subject treated in a very novel manner : a village inhabited 

 exclusively by single ladies or widows, all of limited means; and 

 whose various characteristics, idiosyncracies, peculiarities, or eccen- 

 tricities, are given with a quaint, sometimes melancholy, humour. 

 Mn. Gaskell has also contributed to the ' Daily News,' amongst other 

 occasional matter, a memoir of her lamented friend, Mies Bronte" 

 (Currer Bell), and this subject, in on extended work, is now 

 occupying her attention. 



GASSE, STEFANO AND LUIGI, twin brothers, and both architects, 

 were born at Naples, August 8, 1773, but were of French origin. 

 When not above seven yean of age they were sent to Paris, and 

 there confided to the care and instruction of their maternal uncle 

 the Abbate Miuotti. On their education being sufficiently advanced, 

 they made choice of architecture as their profession ; and thry not 

 only obtained many premiums at the Institute of France, but were 

 sent to complete their studies at Rome. After remaining five years 

 at Rome, they were in 1802 recalled by their parents to Naples, where 

 they settled and practised together. The strong attachment between 

 the two brothers was interrupted only by the death of Luigi 

 (November 11, 1838); and they appear to have been well suited to 



