41 



GAUDEN, JOHN. 



GAVAZZI, PADKE ALES3ANDRO. 



43 



GAUDEN, JOHN, was born in 1605 at Mayland in Essex, hia father 

 being vicar of that pariah. Hia school-education waa received at Bury 

 St. Edmunda; whence he removed to St. John'a College, Cambridge, 

 and took hia degree in arta in the ordinary courae. About 1630 he 

 removed to Oxford, and became a tutor in Wadhum College ; aud at 

 a later period he took the degrees of Bachelor and Doctor iu Divinity. 

 In 1630 he waa appointed chaplain to the Earl of Warwick, through 

 whose patronage he received two ecclesiastical preferments, a rectory 

 in Berkahire, and a vicarage in the county of Cambridge. In the 

 earlier part of hia history, led perhaps by the turn of his patron's 

 politics, he inclined strongly to the popular side ; and a sermon which 

 he preached before the House of Commons, in 1610, was rewarded by 

 a public present of a silver tankard. Next year the parliament pre- 

 sented him to the lucrative deanery of Becking in Essex; to which 

 however the cautious doctor thought it right to have hia title confirmed 

 by Archbishop Laud, then a prisoner in the Towr. After the break 

 ing out of the civil war, Gauden submitted to the Presbyterian govern 

 ment, but with a hesitation which was suspicious, and which appears 

 to have been punished by his exclusion from the Westminster Assembly 

 of Divines after he had been named a member of that board. He gave 

 up the use of the liturgy in the service of the church, but not till the 

 last moment that it was possible to preserve it : and he subscribed the 

 covenant, but not till he bad written a treatisa against it. He thus 

 retained his preferments, but gradually approached nearer to the 

 royalist church-party, and contracted with some members of it rela- 

 tions which, by hia own account, led to important consequences. 

 Upon the Restoration, Dr. Gaudea was appointed chaplain to Charles II. ; 

 and before the close of the same year he was created bishop of Exeter, 

 whence in 1664 he was translated to the see of Worcester. Shortly 

 afterwards, on the 20th of September iu that year, he died of a dis- 

 ease which was either caused or aggravated by his disappointment 

 in being obliged to put up with the bishopric of Worcester in place 

 of the more valuable one of Winchester, which he had very eagerly 

 solicited. 



In the coarse of this solicitation the assertion waa made which gives 

 interest to Bishop Gauden's history and character. He alleged that 

 he was the real and sole author of the famous work called ' Eikon Basi- 

 like, the Portraicture of his Sacred Majesty iu his Solitudes and Suffer- 

 ings,' which, purporting to contain meditations and prayers composed 

 by Charles I. in his captivity, had been published in 1643, a few days 

 after his decapitation, and had excited a very lively sympathy towards 

 the supposed author. The bishop's claim, urged privately in letters to 

 Lord Clarendon and the Earl of Bristol, did not at once become the 

 subject of open discussion ; but the controversy was commenced in 

 lODii, by an assertion of Gauden's authorship, published by a clergy- 

 man who had resided in his family. The curious question thus raised 

 has been discussed again and again by our historical writers. An ela- 

 borate history of the controversy is given by Dr. Wordsworth in his 

 two works upon it : ' Who wrote Ic6n Baiiliko ? Considered and 

 Answered,' STO, 1824 ; and ' King Charles the First the Author of 

 Icon Uaiiiiku, further proved,' Svo, 1823. Upon the merits of the 

 controversy, it will be enough to say, that Warburton, iu pronouncing 

 doubtfully in favour of the genuineness of the work, had reason to 

 declare the matter to be " the most uncertain he ever took pains to 

 examine ; " that in our own day, and since Dr. Wordsworth entered the 

 field, the claim of Gauden has been strenuously supported by Mr. Hal- 

 lain and by other writers of authority ; and that the balance of opinion 

 now inclined decidedly in favour of Gauden as the author. 



Gauden was the acknowledged author of a large number of sermons 

 and tract*, chiefly bearing upon questions of ecclesiastical polity. A 

 list of these, containing nineteen or twenty pieces, is given in the 

 article under his name in the ' Biographia Britannica.' 



< iAL'.vi, CAUL FR1EDUICH, one of the most celebrated mathe- 

 maticians of hia day, was born at Brunswick, April 23, 1777. He 

 displayed early such marked talent for the abstract sciences, that the 

 Duke of Brunswick, Cnarlea Ferdinand, undertook the cbarges of his 

 education. In the thesis which he maintained in 1799, before obtaining 

 hi* degree of Doctor, he evinced his talent by analysing the previous 

 methods for proving the truth of the fundamental axioms in algebra, 

 giving one of his own still more exact. In the same year he published 

 his ' Demonatratio nova theoreinatis omnem functioneui algebraicam 

 rationales integram unius variabili* in faotores reales primi vel secundi 

 gradus reeolri posse :' and in 18ul this waa followed by his ' Disquisi- 

 tiones Arithmetical' published at Leipzig, in Svo. The last-mentioned 

 work showed his rapid advance in the mathematical sciences. Tnere 

 was so much of novel speculation in this treatise as to excite some 

 merriment among the French scientific men ; but their ridicule failed 

 to affect his reputation. In 1807 he was appointed professor of astro- 

 nomy in the University of Gottingen ; and iu 1816 was named a privy- 

 councillor. In the beginning of the present century the new planets 

 were discovered, and be propounded a method for calculating their 

 courses, in his 'Theoria uiotua oorporum ccelestiurn,' published at 

 Hamburg, in 4 to, in 1809; to which Professor Paucker added, in a 

 separate pamphlet, a geometrical formula, more definitely proving the 

 truth of the principle of the curvilinear triangulation upon which 

 Gauss's comparisons depended. Gauss's work greatly contributed to 

 the succeeding more exact and useful application of the astronomical 

 observations to which, about this time, the attention of the scientific 



world began to be directed. Hia ' Theoria combinationis observa- 

 tionum erroribus minimis obnoxia:,' published at Gottingen in 1823, 

 in 4to, with the supplement, issued in 1828 from the same place, was 

 a great addition to scientific knowledge. 



On the completion of the Gottiujen observatory, Gauss devoted 

 himself to astronomical observations. On the appointment of the 

 government commission for extending the Danish admeasurement of an 

 arc of the meridian to the kingdom of Hanover, he invented the means 

 of making distant stations visible, by reflected sun-light, by an instru- 

 ment known as the heliotrope. Afterwards he was zealously occupied 

 with investigations as to terrestrial or telluric magnetism, for which pur- 

 pose the government caused a building to be erected for his experi- 

 ments near the observatory. By the labours of himself and W. Weber, 

 the science of telluric magnetism assumed a new and important phase. 

 Tho theory was explained by them in conjunction in the Transactions 

 of the Magnetic Union, under the title of 'Resultate aus dem 

 Beobaohtungen des Magnetischen Vereins in Jahre 183ti, herausgegeben 

 von C. F.Gauss und Wilhelm Weber,' published at Gottingen in 1837, 

 with another volume for 1839, published at Leipzig iu 1810, with au 

 'Atlas des Erdmagnetismua, nach den Elementen des Theorie 

 eutwarfen.' In 1841 he published at Gbttingeu hia 'Dioptrische 

 Untersuchungen ' ('Dioptrical Investigations'). His latest labours 

 were directed to the theory of geodesy, the first easay of a series upon 

 which he published at Gottingen in 1844, under the title of ' Unter- 

 suchungen uber Gegenstiinde dor hbhern Geodesie.' In this, with a 

 modest pride, he speaks of the trigonometrical admeasurement as 

 " partly executed by myself, and partly under my guidance." This was 

 contributed to the ' Transactions ' of the Royal Scientific Society at 

 Gottingen, and appeared in the second volume. He died on February 

 23, 1855. 



We do not attempt to give a complete list of Gauss's works : he 

 contributed many papers to scientific publications, but the following 

 are among the more interesting that have appeared separately, in 

 addition to those already mentioned: ' Methodum peculiarom 

 elevationem poli determiuaudi explicat.' Gbttiugen,' 1808, 4to; 'Dis- 

 quisitiones generates circa superficies curvus,' Gottingen, 1828, 4to; 

 ' Theoria residuorum biquadraticorum Commentatio prima,' Gottingen, 

 1828,4to; 'Intensitas vis magnetic^ terrestria ad mensuram absolutam 

 revocata,' Gottingen, 1833, 4to. 



* GAVAKNI, the pseudonym, by which PAUL CHEVALIER, the 

 most popular, living French caricaturist, is known. He was born at 

 Paris iu 1801. Originally a mechanical draughtsman, it was not till 

 1835 that Gavarni began to put forth his burlesques upon persons and 

 manners. They at once became excessively popular, and though his 

 style and class of subjects have iu the course of years varied a good 

 deal, his popularity his never lessened. Gavarnis main object has 

 been to depict the various phases of existing Parisian life ; and this 

 he has done with a fidelity, variety, and force which has never been 

 equalled. His ' Gravures de Modes ' have appeared, not only iu the 

 universally known pages of the 'Charivari,' but with equal spirit and 

 freedom in separate issues. His ' Gens du Mondes," ' Les Lorettes,' 

 ' Les Actricss,' ' Lea Artistes,' ' Bal Masque's,' ' Carnival a Paris,' ' Les 

 Infants terribles,' ' Les Fourberies de Femmes,' ' Balivernes Parisiennes,' 

 ' Lea Nuances du Sentiment,' and a thousand others, show his facility 

 aud raciness. Yet with all this multiplication of exaggerated and 

 burlesque representations of what is most questionable iu the Parisian 

 world by night and by day, Gavarui by his constant reference to 

 Parisian 'nature' has kept himself from repetition, and with his 

 never-ceasing variety, he has maintained constant gaiety, even when, 

 depicting the most equivocal scenes and circumstances. And this 

 has largely helped to gam him his immense Parisian success. He 

 designs for tho same public for which Eugene Sue wrote; and with equal 

 freedom, and witli equal clearness, ho pourtrays with his pencil much 

 the same kind of louse life which Sue describes with his pen ; aud 

 suggests where he does not express the same unrestrained licence. 

 Necessarily to any other th m a Parisian he seems coarse in his mirth, 

 strangely vulgar in his choice of subjects, and needlessly gross in his 

 method of treating them. But the humorous artist must be judged 

 by hU own countrymen, and by the public he addresses aud satirises : 

 aud so regarded Gavarui must be deemed to hare succeeded, for he 

 is iu his line the prime favourite of Paris. A few years back Gavarni 

 visited England for the purpose of sketching the wretched and the 

 profligate classes of London ; but he altogether failed in catching the 

 features of our scoundrelism. Hit London sketches are always unsatis- 

 factory, and often repulsive. Besides his original designs of life and 

 manners, Gavarui has drawn numerous illustrations for the works 

 of popular authors. Of these the most successful are those for the 



' Juif Krrant,' &c. of Eugene Sue, and the 'Diablo a Paris' of Balzac, 

 in illustrating which he would of course bi quite at home, and his 

 free pencil find thoroughly genial occupation. A selection from his 

 sketches of Parisian lite, under the title of the ' Ouvres choisies de 

 Gavarni,' was published iu 4 vols. royal Svo, Paris, 1846, with notes 

 by Thdophiles Gautier and others. 



* GAVAZZI, PADltE ALESSANDRO, was born iu 1809, in the 

 city of Bologna. At the age of sixteen he became a Baruabite friar, 

 and one of the regular clergy of the Roman Catholic Church. He was 

 appointed professor of rhetoric at Naples, and distinguished himself 

 by the eloquence of his lectures. His religious opinions were liberal, 



